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Lactate Entrance into the Brain is Necessary for Endurance Exercise-Induced Adaptation in Lipid Oxidation
Dr Malihe Aveseh, Dr Maryam Koushkie Jahromi, Dr Javad Nemati, Dr Saeed Esmaeili Mahani,
Volume 21, Issue 25 (9-2023)
Abstract
Lactate has been recently considered as a signaling factor involved in metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of lactate entrance into the brain on endurance training-induced adaptations in lipid oxidation. 
24 male rats (age: 8 weeks, weight: 197 ± 21 g) were divided into control (C), trained (T), and traind+4-CIN (T+4-CIN, which experienced the inhibition of lactate entrance into the brain during exercise). All animals performed a single session of acute endurance exercise following their 12-weeks training protocol.  Free fatty acids (FFA) and triglyceride content in plasma and adipose tissue and cAMP and Inositol triphosphate (PI3) content in epididymal fat were measured immediately after acute exercise using ELISA and were compared among the groups by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Acute exercise significantly increased lactate concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (SCF) in both T and T+4-CIN compared to the C group. Lactate concentration was slightly lower in T + 4-CIN compared to the T.  Immediately after acute endurance training, a significant decrease of 61 and 31% in plasma triglyceride levels, a significant decrease of 39 and 26% in adipose tissue triglyceride levels, a significant increase of 125 and 56% in plasma FFA levels, a significant increase of 217 and 125% increase in FFA plasma levels, a significant increase of 87 and 41% in adipose tissue cAMP levels, and a significant increase of 90 and 49% in adipose tissue inositol triphosphate levels was observed in the T and T+4-CIN compared to the control group, respectively (all P < 0.01). Plasma triglyceride and adipose tissue levels in the 4-CIN + training group were significantly higher and plasma and adipose tissue FFA levels were significantly lower (all P < 0.05) than the values found in the T group.  In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that lactate can be effective on endurance training-induced adaptations in lipid oxidation due to its action in the brain.

The Effect Of Eight Weeks Circuit Resistance Training On Serum Levels BDNF And TNF-α In Sedentary Postmenopausal Women
Elham Shakoor, Sadegh Amani, Ahmad Ghasemian, Ahmad Mehrez,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Aim: Resistance exercises are suggested as a non-drug treatment to improve the complications of menopause (cognitive-nervous and inflammatory problems). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Circuit resistance training on the serum levels of BDNF and TNF-α in sedentary postmenopausal women.
methods: In this semi-experimental research, 30 postmenopausal women (age 54±3 years, body mass index 27.6±1.97 kg/m2) living in Tehran were randomly selected and assigned to two groups, Circuit resistance training groups (n=15) and control groups (n=15). Circuit Resistance training was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week including 12 stations for the whole body with an intensity of 40-75%, one maximum repetition in three sets with repetitions between 8-12. 24 hours before and after the intervention, fasting blood was taken to measure BDNF and TNF-a were performed. Repeated measures ANOVA statistical method was used to analyze the data.
Results: In the resistance training group, compared to the control group, there was a significant increase in the levels of BDNF (%13.99) and a significant decrease in the levels of TNF-a (%32.92) (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the present study, it seems that low-to-moderate Circuit resistance training with increased BDNF and decreased TNF-a was able to improve cognitive-neural and inflammatory factors in postmenopausal women.

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