Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

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Introduction and Objective: One of the strategies that athletes can use to temporarily increase strength and muscle power is post-activation potentiation (PAP) during warm-up. However, the effect of this phenomenon on kinematics of special movement has not been determined. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the acute effect of PAP during warm-up on lower extremity kinematic characteristics during heading in soccer players.
Methodology: The study sample consisted of 24 semi-professional youth soccer players with an average age of 18.67±1.11 years, height 182.32±7.12 cm, mass 74.17±7.46 kg. who performed four different warm-up methods, including PAP-take-off, PAP-landing, combined-PAP, and general warm-up, derived from the stages of soccer heading. Knee and hip angular velocities during the take-off phase, maximum knee flexion angle, and duration of knee joint pause during the landing phase were recorded using a three-dimensional motion analysis device (vicon peak ltd, oxford, vicon UK) with four T20 cameras with a frequency of 1000 Hz. Finally, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and post hoc Bonferroni test were used at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: There was a significant increase in knee and hip angular velocities following combined-PAP and then PAP-take-off compared to other warm-up programs. Moreover, there was a significant increase in knee flexion angle after PAP-landing compared to other warm-up programs. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the duration of knee joint pause after general warm-up compared to other warm-up programs.
Discussion and Conclusion: PAP-take-off improves jumping performance, while PAP-landing improves landing performance. The combination of these two methods, i.e., combined-PAP, will yield better results overall.

 

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of quadriceps muscle fatigue on electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during lifting loads using different techniques. Surface electromyography activity of the rectus femoris, vastus latralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, semitendinous, gastrocnemius medialis and tibialis anterior muscles of 20 able-bodied women were recorded before and after the quadriceps muscle fatigue using leg-press movement, squat, stoop and strudel techniques with 20% of body weight. Analysis of Variance with repeated measures was used for data analyses (p<0.05). After fatigue when lifting the load, the activity of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius medialis in squat and stoop techniques was significantly different compared to before fatigue condition. But no significant difference was observed between the activity of any of the muscles before and after fatigue in the straddle method. According to the results, it seems that when quadriceps muscle fatigue, the use of straddle technique to lift the load is more appropriate.

 

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Since identifying the best way of performing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique is one of the concerns of coaches and karatekas, the aim of this study was to compare the selected kinematic variables of four methods of implementing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique by elite male karatekas. Eighteen elite male kumite practitioners voluntarily and purposefully participated in this study. Five markers were attached to the anatomical points of the hitting foot. The four methods of implementing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique were filmed by three Hero3 cameras at an imaging speed of 240 Hz. Using SkillSpector software (version: 1.3.2), the resultant of the peak velocity of the lower limb joints, total distance, total velocity, and total acceleration was directly obtained. The one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post-hoc test (p≤0.05) were used with SPSS software (version: 22) for statistical analysis due to the normality of data distribution. The results showed a significant difference in the four methods of performing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique in the peak velocity of the pelvic, knee, and ankle joints as well as total distance, total velocity, and total acceleration. According to the research results, the first method of implementation can be recommended as a more efficient technique to kumite practitioners due to its high speed and the possibility of scoring in the shortest time interval and because it closes the opponent’s attack route, compared with Dai and Deashi tactics.
 

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Background and Aims: The surface quality and type are an important factor that may influence the risk of sustaining injuries during running. The aim of the present study was to compare forces excreted on the foot while running on the ground and artificial turf in people with pronated and supinated feet.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of healthy men with pronated and supinated feet in Ardabil province. A statistical sample of 30 people aged 20-25 years was selected by available sampling and participated in the present study. Statistical samples were divided into three groups. There were 10 patients in the pronated foot group, 10 people in the supinated foot group and the third group of 10 people as the control group. The navicular drop test was used to measure foot type. A Bertec force plate was used to record ground reaction forces while running on ground and artificial turf at constant speed (about 3.2 m/s). The ground reaction forces in the vertical (Fz), anterior-posterior (Fy) and medio-lateral (Fx) directions were recorded during running.
Results: The results revealed greater medio-lateral ground reaction force at the heel contact in males with pronated feet while running on the ground than that artificial grass. In addition, the time to reach the peak of the vertical component at heel contact during running on grass was greater compared to the ground.
Conclusion: The results showed that the use of artificial turf can improve the risk factors for injury in people with pronated and supinated feet.
 

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Introduction and objectives: In the past decades, the control of hand tremors in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's has attracted a lot of attention. The theories of closed-loop deep brain stimulation method are increasing significantly. The purpose of this article is to provide an automatic closed-loop method for the rehabilitation of Parkinson's patients with hand tremor symptoms using machine learning.
Materials and methods: In this article, a mathematical model including muscle model, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex and supplementary motor area is used to simulate tremor. Also, to control hand tremors, a non-integer proportional-derivative-integral controller (non-integer PID) has been used, as well as using the smart Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm as a subset of reinforcement learning to adjust the coefficients.
Findings: In addition to reducing hand tremors and automatic learning for use in different levels of the disease, which has given acceptable results compared to other control methods, among the advantages of the Prihadi method is the practical implementation of this method in the real world due to the simplicity of the controller. And also the easy implementation of the intelligent algorithm is due to the automatic adjustment of the coefficients of artificial intelligence networks.
Conclusion: In addition to optimizing output symptoms such as hand tremors compared to other controllers, the proposed intelligent system can also be used for all levels of the disease due to its adaptability, causing a significant reduction in the side effects caused by continuous brain stimulation in the brain stimulation method. It opens in the form of a ring.

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Background: In rehabilitation medicine using targeted and personalized approaches are proposed, so that training protocols adjustments, based on gender, age, level of disability and the rate of progress can have more favorable results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training on some induces of physical function in women with MS presenting different levels of disability.
Material & Methods:  In this quasi-experimental study, 92 patients admitted to the MS Society of Shahrekord city were selected and on the basis of disability were categorized into 3 groups of mild, moderate and severe. Then each group was randomly divided into experimental and control group. The personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training program was done 12 weeks, 3 times per weeks. Muscles strength, endurance and speed of walking, were assessed. Independent and Covariance test were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that 12 weeks training cause improving in muscles strength, speed of walking in women with MS presenting different levels of disability (p<0.05). Endurance of walking improve significantly in mild group (p<0.05), but in moderate and severe group were not significantly (P˃0.05).
Conclusion: The implementation of the comprehensive rehabilitation exercises affected the recovery of patients with MS and made a significant difference in physical functions of patients.
 

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Understanding the correct biomechanics of the knee joint during single-leg landing and correcting Incorrect movement patterns can be one of the ways to prevent the recurrence of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the researches that investigated the biomechanics of the coronal plane of the lower limb during multidirectional single leg landing. The relevant articles from valid databases with the keywords Single Leg Landing, Landing, Kinematic, Biomechanics, Return to Sport, Performance Test, Functional Test, Hop Test, Kinetic thematic search methods from 1995 to 2023 were examined. A total of 1022 articles were identified then duplicate studies were eliminated in the next stage, the titles and abstracts of the studies were reviewed and 439 studies were excluded due to inconsistency with the research question. Finally, only 19 articles that met the inclusion criteria were examined. This review showed that only SLL in the forward direction has been investigated in most of the literature using a 3D motion analysis system. There is also no evidence on the biomechanics of other directions of SLL and on the use of 2D motion analysis to evaluate the biomechanics of multidirectional SLL. 

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Different postural stability and functional movements may play an important role in secondary injuries in people with flexible flatfeet compared to people with normal feet. However, the difference between static and dynamic stability and functional movements of people with and without flexible flatfeet has not been investigated. This study compared static and dynamic stability and functional movements of subjects with and without flexible flatfeet and examined the relationship between functional movements and static and dynamic stability. 96 subjects (flexible flatfeet group: 25; normal feet group: 71) functional movement screening test (FMS); Sharpened Romberg balance test and Y balance test were performed. The scores of functional movements and static stability in the normal feet group were significantly higher than the flexible flatfeet group (p≤0.05). The total score of the Y test was not significantly different between the two groups (p≥0.05). In the group of normal feet, a significant correlation was observed between functional movement scores and dynamic stability (p≤0.05). These results show that subjects with flexible flatfeet have different movement performance and static stability compared to subjects with normal feet, but they have similar dynamic stability. It may indicate that there is no connection between static and dynamic stability and these two functions are separate from each other.
 

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The purpose of this research was to design and implement a system for the surveillance of sports injuries in students. Sports injuries of male and female high school students in Ilam province were recorded by physical education teachers using online methods and paper forms during one academic semester. At the end, a questionnaire was used to survey them regarding these methods. The research is of a descriptive-comparative type and Chi-square (x²) was used at the significance level (P<0.05) to analyze the results. A total of 151 injuries were reported, of which 76 injuries (50.4 percent) were registered with the online method, 70 injuries (46.3 percent) with the online paper method, and 5 injuries (3.3 percent) with the paper method. Online registration (146 injuries) is significantly more used than paper registration (75 injuries) (p=0.001) physical education teachers give the reasons for using the online method more: availability, easier working with it, and recovery It is easier to record information. On the other hand, they mentioned the interruption and slowness of the internet speed as things that can cause disruption. According to the results, it seems that the use of online methods is more effective in registering sports injuries in schools.

 

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Disruption of the homeostasis of immune regulatory mediators Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Ornithine decarboxylase-1(ODC-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Physical activities play a role in controlling and improving the symptoms of MS. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of physical activity in an enriched environment on the gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum tissue of an MS mice model. This experimental study was conducted on 30 female C57BL/6 mice. Mice were divided into 3 groups of 10 including 1) healthy control, 2) experimental model of MS and 3) physical activity in enriched environment. After induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the third group lived in the enriched environment for 4 weeks. Body weight and clinical score were recorded daily from induction until 28 days. The gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum was measured by RT-PCR method. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of less than 0.05. Activity in the enriched environment significantly decreased the gene expression of AhR compared to the EAE group (P=0/02) and also decreased the gene expression of ODC-1, but it was not statistically significant (P=0/28). Also, the clinical score improved significantly after activity in the enriched environment (P= 0/001). Lifestyle change and activity in the enriched environment led to the down regulation of the gene expression of AhR and ODC-1, and it improved the clinical score of animals.

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Volleyball players are looking to apply their force at a short  time speed  to  transfer more  diagonal  and vertical blows  on the ball  so  that  you land  on the  opposing  team's field more quickly and make it  difficult for the  opposing  team players to  receive. It seems that various types of resistance training can improwe the vertical force of the spike skill.
Therefore the aim of the current study is to compare the effects of two types of resistance training (exercises with cable machines and exercise with barbells and free weights) on vertical force and impulse caused by diagonal hit on spike skill in college girl volleyball players. The present study method was semi-experimental. The statistical samples in this study included 45 girl volleyball players from university of Mohaghegh Ardabili. In three groups of 15 in groups 1 and 2 strength training intervention for two days a week, in 7 strenght movements with a cable bodybulding machine and barbell, dumbbell, and medicine training tools, observing the principle of overload in three movement intensities: 80%, 5 repetition, 90%, 2 repetition, 100%, one maximum repetition and in the third group in the form of a control group were identified. Strength training as an independent variable and vertical force and impulse as a dependent variable. Bertek force plate was used to record ground reaction forces. The table was used to adjust height, the invisible thread and the ball for the dominant hand shot in the volleyball players. In this study, ANOVA test was used with a significance level of 0.05. The effects of the force resulting from the diagonal impact on the ball in line with the vertical force of the ground reaction were significant in intervention group 1 (p< 0.008) and intervention group 2 was not significant (p< 0.133).The effect of the impulse time factor in the strength training group was significant in the vertical component of the ground reaction in intervention group1 (P<0.030) and in intervention group 2 (P<0.023). The difference between the groups in the intervention group shows the effect of the vertical force factor in the intervention group 1 with the impact factor (v = 0.016) compared to the group 2 also, in the impulse factor, impact factor was effective in intervention group1 (v = 0.190) and strength training in intervention group 2 (v = 0.167).  It seems that barbell and medicine ball strength exercises increased force in diagonal strikes and produce the maximum vertical force in the shorter time to the ball in the spike skill of the diagonal strike of the volleyball players.

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Background and Purpose; Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that involves rapid loss of muscle mass and function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on sarcopenia, changes in myofibrils in skeletal muscle and exercise performance in elderly rats with Alzheimer's disease, to investigate the effect of physical activity on reducing sarcopenia and changes in myofibrils in skeletal muscle and exercise performance in elderly rats with Alzheimer's  should be measured.
Materials and Methods; In the present study, 40 aged Wistar rats with an average weight of 300 grams. The rats were randomly divided into four ten groups including control patient, training patient, healthy control, healthy training. The exercise group participated in a six-week continuous aerobic exercise program. The patient group was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine for 14 days, and after ensuring the induction of Alzheimer's disease using the novel object recognition test, the training group participated in a six-week continuous aerobic training program.
Results; Based on the results after six weeks of continuous aerobic training, according to the measurement of the tissue components in the soleus and EDL muscles of the healthy group of rats under training, it showed a slight increase in the extent of the tissue parenchyma and the diameter of the muscle fibers compared to the healthy control group, but these changes were not significant. The quantification of the extent of the tissue components in the soleus and EDL muscles of the studied rats showed a significant decrease in the muscle parenchyma and also a significant decrease in the average diameter of the muscle fibers in the patient group compared to the healthy control group (p<0.01). The area of the muscle parenchyma and the average diameter of the soleus and EDL muscle fibers in the mice of the patient group under training compared to the mice of the patient group showed a significant increase in tissue (p<0.05) and the amount of tissue edema and the presence of connective tissue showed a significant decrease (p<0.01 and p<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that sports activities have positive effects on sarcopenia disease and myofibril changes, as well as the sports performance of rats with Alzheimer's disease.
Keywords: continuous aerobic exercises, Alzheimer's, sarcopenia, muscle myofibril
Background and Purpose; Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that involves rapid loss of muscle mass and function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on sarcopenia, changes in myofibrils in skeletal muscle and exercise performance in elderly rats with Alzheimer's disease, to investigate the effect of physical activity on reducing sarcopenia and changes in myofibrils in skeletal muscle and exercise performance in elderly rats with Alzheimer's  should be measured.
Materials and Methods; In the present study, 40 aged Wistar rats with an average weight of 300 grams. The rats were randomly divided into four ten groups including control patient, training patient, healthy control, healthy training. The exercise group participated in a six-week continuous aerobic exercise program. The patient group was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine for 14 days, and after ensuring the induction of Alzheimer's disease using the novel object recognition test, the training group participated in a six-week continuous aerobic training program.
Results; Based on the results after six weeks of continuous aerobic training, according to the measurement of the tissue components in the soleus and EDL muscles of the healthy group of rats under training, it showed a slight increase in the extent of the tissue parenchyma and the diameter of the muscle fibers compared to the healthy control group, but these changes were not significant. The quantification of the extent of the tissue components in the soleus and EDL muscles of the studied rats showed a significant decrease in the muscle parenchyma and also a significant decrease in the average diameter of the muscle fibers in the patient group compared to the healthy control group (p<0.01). The area of the muscle parenchyma and the average diameter of the soleus and EDL muscle fibers in the mice of the patient group under training compared to the mice of the patient group showed a significant increase in tissue (p<0.05) and the amount of tissue edema and the presence of connective tissue showed a significant decrease (p<0.01 and p<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that sports activities have positive effects on sarcopenia disease and myofibril changes, as well as the sports performance of rats with Alzheimer's disease.


 

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Background and Aims: Running is one of the most important activities for soldiers, and boots play an effective role in this activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of three types of military boots mileage on ground reaction force variables during running.
Materials and Methods: The current research was a clinical trial. 15 healthy male students (20-25 years old) used three different types of used and new boots. Using Bartec force plate with dimensions (60 x 40 cm²), ground reaction forces were measured in vertical (Fz), anterior-posterior (Fy) and medio-lateral (Fx) directions while running at constant speed. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: Results demonstrated significant main effects of "Time" for FX_HC (P=0.001, d=0.407), FX_PO (P=0.001, d=0.674), TTPFX_PO (P=0.001, d=0.394) and TTPFY_PO (P=0.031, d=0.226). Findings showed significant main effect of group for FZ_HC (P=0.027, d=0.163) and TTPFY_HC (p=0.035, d=0.150). Furthermore, significant group-by-time interactions was found for FZ_HC (P=0.001, d=0.404) and FX_PO (P=0.014, d=0.272).
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that using military boots, the vertical ground reaction force, the medio-lateral force at heel contact and the peak medio-lateral force were increased. The increase of this value can be related to fracture injuries caused by pressure and patella femoral pain. The results of this study showed that the type of boots can be effective in preventing lower limb injuries. Therefore, using new operational boots is suggested for the military application.
 

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Background and purpose: Determining specific abilities and skills in volleyball players depends on the amount of anthropometric, physiological, biomechanics and psychological characteristics of the players in this field and is vital for improving the performance of sports skills in them. Since by comparing these important factors in the group of teenagers and young adults, it is possible to guide teenagers towards success factors in youth and adulthood, the purpose of this research was to compare the main characteristics of elite teenage and young male volleyball players.
Methods: 30 male members of the national youth volleyball team of the Islamic Republic of Iran (15 youths and 15 teenagers) were examined in terms of their main anthropometric, biomechanics, physiological and psychological characteristics with the aim of evaluating and determining the main components and comparing them.  In order to determine he main components of the evaluated indicators, first the PCA statistical method and then the independent t statistical method were used to compare the two groups(0.05≥p).
Results: Among the main indices of anthropometric, biomechanical, physiological and psychological characteristics, only the physiological index of maximum heart rate showed a significant difference between the two groups (0.05≥p).
Conclusion: It seems that the main differences of volleyball players in these two age groups are more related to experience in the game and mastery in the implementation of various skills and techniques, and all these main features can be found in the talent search process of this group of young people.
 

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Background and Aim: This study focuses and reviews the researches that examines the effect of footwear types on torsional, vertical and limb stiffness during running.
Methods: The search for articles in English languages between 2000 and 2024 (until May) was carried out in WOS, Scopus, PubMed, Springer databases and grey literature from Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria included the number of participants being more than one and the availability of the full text of the articles. Exclusion criteria included studies whose participants were under 18 years of age. Review studies and studies that studied an activity other than running.
Results: 586 relevant articles were selected. After examining the articles, 17 articles were selected. Vertical stiffness and limb stiffness in barefoot conditions are significantly greater than in conventional shoes. The torsional stiffness in the ankle and hip joints in conventional shoe conditions was reported to be higher than in barefoot and minimal shoe conditions. In contrast, the torsional stiffness of the knee joint in conventional shoe conditions was lower than in barefoot and minimal shoe conditions.
Conclusion: These findings provide further insight into the susceptibility of runners to different injury mechanisms as a function of footwear.
 

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The purpose of this study was determining validity and reliability of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ). For this purpose, 120 atheltes with different levels of skills in different fields, were chosen and completed the the AFAQ, the Kinesiophobia Questionnaire, and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the Sport Injury Appraisal Scale. AFAQ was confirmed by using translation-back translation method and face validity and translation accuracy. Cronbach's alpha index, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to check construct validity, internal consistency and temporal reliability. The results showed that the one-factor model of the athletes' fear-avoidance questionnaire had a poor fit, for this reason, after conducting the exploratory factor analysis and identifying three factors in these questionnaires, the confirmatory factor analysis model also fitted the data well with this the three-factor model. So that the CFI index was 0. 96 and the TLI index was 0. 94 as well as the RMSE index of 0. 05 and the chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom(X²/DF) was 1. 39. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was also confirmed. Based on this, the Persian version of the AFAQ has 3 factors and includes 10 questions and three catastrophic constructs (items 1, 5, 8), fear of movement (4, 6, 7) and fear-avoidance beliefs (items 2, 3, 9, 10) was confirmed in the community of Iranian athletes.
 

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Aim and Background: Ankle is one of the most common sports injuries caused by direct collisions with opposing players or the ground, tackles from inside and outside, jumping and landing. Among these injuries, external ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries that is associated with ankle instability. The purpose of this research is to compare balance exercises and hopping on the proprioception of athletes with functional ankle instability.
Materials and methods: 30 athletes with functional instability of the ankle were randomly divided into 2 study groups of the clinical trial. The first group included athletes with functional ankle instability doing hopping exercises (15 people), the second group included athletes with functional ankle instability doing balance exercises (15 people). At first, the proprioception of their ankle joint was evaluated with the help of photography, and then they did exercises for 6 weeks, and at the end, the proprioception of the ankle joint was evaluated again. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyze the data of this research.
Results: The results showed that balance and hopping exercises significantly reduced the absolute error of ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion reconstruction (p<0.05). Also, there is a significant difference between the two groups of balance exercises and hopping (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that balance and hopping exercises improved the proprioception of the ankle joint in athletes with functional instability of the ankle, and hopping exercises are more effective than balance exercises.
 

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Background and purpose: Excessive fat deposition is associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes as well as hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine the net effect size of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on some factors associated with insulin sensitivity in adults with overweight and obesity.
Materials and methods:  A search for English articles was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases without limiting the year of publication until February 2023. To calculate the effect size, WMD and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effect model. Fixed effect model meta regression was used to determine treatment effects associations with other variables.
Results: In total, 13 studies with 446 adults with overweight and obesity (149 females, and 317 males) with 24.7-57 years old were included in the present meta-analysis. The results showed that HIIT caused a significant decrease in fasting glucose [WMD=-8.65 mg/dL, P=0.002], fasting insulin [WMD=-1.88 U/L P=0.005], and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) [WMD=-3.33 mmHg. Weak correlations were observed in between HIIT’s net effect on DBP and insulin (r=-0.32, p=0.019) as well as with subjects’ age (r=-0.29, p=0.037) respectively in meta-regression assessments.
Conclusion: The rate of DBP reduction is sharper and these changes are also correlated with age. Therefore, HIIT is suggested as a Non-pharmacological Approach to prevent against future cardiometabolic risk factors in this population.
 

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Introduction and aim: Fatigue of injury-prone athletes and their placement in situations such as performing shear maneuvers increases the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Therefore, this research aims to answer the question, does functional fatigue change the effect of neuromuscular training on kinetic variables during cutting in injury-prone male athletes?
Methodology: The current research is semi-experimental and was carried out in two control and experimental groups as a pre-test and post-test design with and without fatigue before and after neuromuscular exercises. 32 males student-athletes aged 18 to 25 with trunk control defects were purposefully selected and randomly placed in the control group (16 people) and the experimental group (16 people). The force plane was used to measure ground reaction forces. Analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis at a level smaller than P<0.05.
Results: The results of the present study showed a significant improvement in ground reaction force variables in the post-test of the experimental group compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). While none of these variables had significant changes in the control group (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that doing trunk and hip neuromuscular training in athletes with a trunk control defect leads to a significant improvement in the stability of the trunk control, so in the conditions with and without fatigue, they were able to show a significant improvement in the selected parameters of the ground reaction forces. Therefore, this training method can probably be recommended as a beneficial method for athletes and the mentioned conditions