Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

The effect of knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor fatigue on dynamic balance in active elderly males

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of knee extensor and ankle
plantar flexor fatigue on dynamic balance among active elderly males. Fifteen
healthy individuals having age of 72±6.57 years, height of 168.4±4.8 cm and
weight of 70.5±7.4 kg without history of injuries at lower extremity, participated
in this study. Knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscles fatigued with free
sets of fifty repeated of knee extension and ankle plantar flexion loading with
50% of one repetition maximum (1RM), while four minutes rest applied between
every set. Fatigue protocol applied for each muscle group after 72 hours rest at
same environment condition. Star excursion balance test (SEBT) used to
measure dynamic balance before and after applying fatigue protocol.
Dependent and independent t-test used for data analysis in significant level
0.05. Significant differences shown between pre and post reaching distance
using SEBT. The results also showed significant differences between decrease
of reaching distance in SEBT after applying muscle fatigue protocols in knee
extensor and ankle plantar flexor. Due to results, increasing lower limb muscle
endurance, especially at knee, recommended for training program designitation
for elderly subjects to achieve dynamic balance improvement.

The Effects of KinesioTaping of leg and cognitive task on balance

Objective: KinesioTaping is a method for rehabilitation of patients and athletes.
The efficacy of taping to enhance proprioception precision and balance has
been studied. The effects on skin sensory receptors and limb consciousness
are mechanisms of taping but there is an important question that if the persons
pay attention to other task the effectiveness of taping is still exists or not?
Materials and Methods: Ten healthy persons with average age of 28±3/3
years¸ height of 161±4/1cm and weight of 52±14/1kg participated in this study.
The index of stability was assessed in five conditions standing on the BIODEX
ISOKIETIC Instrument. The examination five conditions were as following
order.1-standing barefoot for 20 second (dominant foot).2-standing and dual
tasking for 20 second.(Reverse numbering from digits between 100-150). 3-
standing with taping on proneal muscles for 20 second.4-standing with taping
and dual tasking for 20 second.5-first condition was repeated. Results:
However¸ there was not any significant difference between the Stability Index
(SI) of the test conditions in this study but the pattern of changes showed that
when volunteers performed dual task with or without tape the stability index
improved. Improvement of SI with taping was not considerable. Conclusion:
Taping has a little positive effect on stability but effects of dual tasking were
coincided with the non-linear U-shaped pattern of dual tasking effect. It means
that stability was improved by the dual tasking used in this study which may be
too light to decrease stability of the subjects. This finding showed that triple
reverse numbering is not enough difficulties to attention demand interferes the
stability of the subjects.

The response of blood buffering capacity and H+ regulation to three types of recovery during repeated high-intensity endurance training

Background/aim: Many studies were shown the effect of type's recovery on
performance. Active recovery has been reported by some to promote greater
exercise capacity, while others have not confirmed these results. The aim of this
study was to determine the effect of three types of recovery during repeated
high-intensity endurance training on blood buffering capacity and H+
regulation. Design/method; the statistical population of this research was
physical education students studying at Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran.
Ten students participated in this study. Each individual completed a special
questionnaire to be healthy during the study period. On subsequent days they
performed repeated high-intensity endurance test (RHIET).The RHIET
consist of four bouts about 2; 30 minutes. Recovery periods of 5minutes were
allowed between bouts. RHIET differed in the kind of activity performed during
the recovery periods; Gouging at 63% maximum heart rate, stretching exercises
and lying supine. A sample of 5CC blood artery obtained from each individual
immediately after the last recovery period. Blood sample were sent to the
laboratory for homology test. Their buffering capacity was measured by
assessment of the following parameters: PH, PCO2, BB, HCO3
-, BE, O2-sat.
The ANOVA Repeated-Measures was use to analyze the data by spss16.
Results; Significant differences were shown between the active recovery and
the stretching exercises recovery and between the inactive recovery and the
stretching exercises recovery on PH, BB and between active recovery and the
inactive recovery on O2-sat (P≤0/05). There were no significant differences
between the active, inactive and stretching exercises recovery on HCO3
-, PCO2
and BE (p≤0/05). Conclusion; Therefore, this study has show that the inactive
recovery improve buffering capacity compared to the stretching exercises and
the active recovery. This finding is agreement with research dating Argyris
(2004), DuPont (2004), Buchheit (2009) and in agreement with research dating
Dorado (2004). Nick Draper (2006), De Geus Bas (2007). Alveolar gas
exchange can therefore increase due to slower heart rate and slower breathing
rate. The kidneys removal H+ and reabsorption HCO3
-. The body's metabolism
becomes lower and producing metabolic is decrease. Temp whole body
(muscle, blood) is decrease; oxygen is combined with the hemoglobin strongly.
Hence, PH is increase and buffering capacity is improved.

Effect chest wall restriction in water on aerobic power, cardio-respiratory functions and swimming performance of elite female swimmers

This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks swimming training with
chest wall restriction on aerobic power, cardio-respiratory functions and
swimming performance of elite female swimmers. 24 elite female swimmers
volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly divide into two
groups: Control (swimming training without chest wall restriction) and
experimental group (swimming training with chest wall restriction). Both groups
were in a monthly swimming program (they trained 3 times a week for a total of
4 weeks). They swam almost 3.5 to 4 km/d with 70 – 85% of HRmax. Aerobic
power, pulmonary parameters, time to exhaustion and swimming performance
were measured. To analyze data, student t test was used. The results showed
that Time to exhaustion increased in group training with chest wall restrictor
(P=0/012). T-20 test results showed improvements in experimental group. No
significant difference was observed in VO2max, MVV, FVC, and FEV1/FVC in
two groups. Also there was no significant difference between the groups.
Therefore, the results showed that using chest elastic band in order to impose
more stress on respiratory muscles during exercise leads to some adaptations
in these muscles and it is associated with some improvements in exercise
performance.

The study of relationship between physical fitness and success of female climbers to ascend Mera Peak (6654 m)

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between success
on an over 6000m summit and results of physical fitness tests that normally are
performed by mountaineering federation to select mountaineers for climbing
high mountains. Therefore in this study, relationship between the results of
these tests in 8 female climbers (age, 34.4±8.7year, height, 163.9±5.9cm, body
mass, 60.6±3.8kg) and their performance and success while ascending Mera
Peak (6654m) were assessed. Results showed that none of the cooper test,
long jump, chin up, and sit up tests; and also weekly training volume, age, body
mass, BMI, and percent of body fat were significantly correlated to climbing
ability at altitude, summiting, or incidence of acute mountain sickness.
Summiting was only related to climbing ability over 5000m in 2 days before
summiting (p=0.039) and sleeping history over 3000m (p=0.002). In conclusion,
physical fitness near to sea level could not guaranty climbing ability, summiting,
and healthy mood at high altitude. Climbing and sleeping history at high altitude
may be better criteria for a successful upcoming climb.

Effect of two different intensity of physical activity on circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in healthy young women

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different intensities
of physical activity on circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in healthy
young women. For this purpose, 15 female students from volunteers were
randomly selected via questionnaire (group 1: mean age 22 ±1/8 years, BMI
20/81±1/91 kg/m2, n = 8. group 2: mean age 21 ±1/5 years, BMI 20/38 ± 1/66
kg/m2, n = 7). Each group ran 30 minutes at their particular (group 1: ٧0%
HRmax & group 2: ٨5% HRmax) activity on treadmill. Blood samples were
taken from all subjects for measurement of circulating endothelial progenitor
cells CD34+ and same Isotype control, white blood cells and platelets before
and10minutes after the test. The related T-test (paired) were used for
comparisons within a group , to compare variables between groups were used
one way of variance analysis (ANOVA) for determining the relationship between
variables were used Pearson correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was
accepted as a P value of <0.05. Results of this study showed that both
intensities of physical activity increased significantly the number of EPC, WBC
and Plt, this affects was higher in intensity 85% HRmax, but was not statistically
significant. Just was observed significant association between EPC and platelet.
In summary, can be expressed that physical activity with intensity 70% and 85%
HRmax can increase re-enthotelialisation due to mobilization of EPC, and with
attention to significant association between EPC and platelet these cell
mobilization may serve as a physiologic repair or compensation mechanism in
acute inflammatory injury.

The norm of bioenergetics characteristics of elite and advanced male and female Iranian Badminton players

The purpose of this study was to collect the norm of bio-energetic
characteristics of male and female elite and advanced Badminton players in
Iran based on gender differences. This is a descriptive research of the kind of
normative survey. Statistical population of the research includes all elite and
advanced male and female Badminton players in Iran during 2010 including 128
elite and advanced players, 64 male (mean age 19.92 + 3.4 yr. height 176.53 +
6.13 cm, weight 70.46 + 6.77 kg and competitive experience 9.27 + 2.68 yr) and
64 females (mean age 17.00 + 2.4 yr, height 163.90 + 5.87 cm, weight 56.18 +
5.75 kg and competitive experience 6.27 + 1.55 yr). The statistical sample was
equal to the statistical population. Regarding the specific characteristics and
demands of Badminton, aerobic power, alactic anaerobic power and lactic
anaerobic power were measured. Also based on the distribution of the obtained
scores, frequency tables and percentage points of the players were drawn
based on gender differences in order to collect the related norms, using spss-15
software. Then according to the percentage norm and Likert scale, players'
performance was classified. One sample t test was applied to compare bioenergetic
characteristics of national and world elite Badminton players. The
results of this study indicated that the average aerobic power of Iranian male
and female elite and advanced badminton players, respectively 55/16 and 44/05
ml/kg.min are significantly lower than the values for world male and female elite
badminton players which are 63 and 50 ml/kg.min (p 0.01). also, the average
of sergeant vertical height of Iranian male and female elite and advanced
badminton players accounting for 63 and 48 centimeters are again significantly
lower than the reported values for world male and female elite badminton
players as 75 and 56 centimeters (p 0.01) but lactic anaerobic power of male
and female Iranian elite and advanced badminton players was in a goodsituation. The results of study highlight an urge to review and pay more
attention to designing professional practices in order to improve and develop
the aforementioned factors.