modern research physics

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Oxime is an important functional group in organic chemistry which can protect carboxilic groups and are applied as insecticides, fungicide and acaricides. It has been reported that some members of oxime family decrease spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Due to the similar structure of tolualdoxime with other oximes, in this study we evaluated the effects of tolualdoxime on spermatogenesis in order to achieve a male contraceptive compound with minimum side effects. LD50 standard was found 350 mg/kg B.W. In this research mature mice received 175 mg/kg /B.W. a daily single dose for two weeks .The analysis of results showed significant decrease in different parameters (p<0.05) in the experimental group compared with the controls. The results observed are as follows: decrease in body weight and the number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocyts, spermatids and sperms. In addition, in some experimental groups, spermatid cysts and release of primary spermatocytes, and spermatids into the lumen of seminiferous tubules were observed.

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Abstract
In lizards spermatogenesis takes place in two different ways: seasonal and non-seasonal. In seasonal type usually found in temperate-climate lizards, the process of spermatogenesis is limited to a defined period of the year, whereas in non-seasonal type observed in tropical-climate lizards this process occurs continuously year-round. In this research the spermatogenesis activity was studied in species of Laudakia caucasia occur in central Zagros Mountains. To fulfill this task, we collected 34 specimens of this species from Norabad, Lorestan province, during two seasons of their biological activity. The specimens were then killed and their testes were removed. After measuring the testis dimensions the specimens were prepared for histological observations. The results obtained from morphometric, histometric as well as histological examinations showed that the spermatogenesis in this taxon is seasonal and contains two phases: active and inactive. The active phase which coincides with late spring to early summer is the period in which cells in seminiferous tubules are actively involved in sperm-making process and all shapes of spermatogenic cells are seen within the tubules. During the inactive phase which begins in late-summer and lasts until the next spring, no spermatozoids is seen in the tubules as the process of spermatogenesis has been ceased. However, in this period, the regeneration activity is taking place in the gonad and the animal is preparing for its next spermatogenesis season.

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In this research the effects of insulin and insulin +hCG on the sexual activity of male gonad of Bufo viridis have been investigated. The familiar manifestations of sexual activity in amphibian, such as clasping, mating call, associated with histological changes have been studied. The object of this study was to examine reproductive cycle under experimental condition. The experimental animals consisted of four groups in each we used 5 mature male toads ranging 23-25gr of body weight. Animals of first experimental group received insulin 4 times during a 2 week period with every 3 day interval intraperitoneally (IP). The first injection was 7 IU/kg B.W. and the others were 3.5 IU/kg B.W. The second experimental group received insulin together with hCG 4 times during a 2 week period with every 3 day intervals intraperitoneally (IP). The first injection was 7 IU/kg B.W insulin and 50 IU/ml hCG and the others were 3.5 IU/kg B.W insulin with 50 IU/ml hCG. The control groups received Ringer solution in each injection. The researchers found that in the second experimental group after third injection skin became darker and sexual behavior such as mating calls and clasping were appeared. The testes of experimental animals were histologically studied. The number and diameter of seminiferous tubules and number of spermatogenic cells in first and second experimental groups were increased. The researchers can conclude that insulin caused cell division and increased number of spermatogenic cells but did not affect on sexual behavior, where as hCG produced sexual activities