modern research physics

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Vegetation of Kasf forest with an area of over 12 ha, located in the east-west direction at a distance of 20 kilometers north of the city of Bardaskan, between 57° and 52' and 30" to 58° and 00' and 00" East longitude and 35° and 22' and 30" to 35° and 30' and 00" North latitude, in a mountainous arid region with a minimum and maximum temperature of -10 and +45° C , respectively and average annual precipitation of 155 mm, at an altitude of about 1600 m above sea level with 15% slope was studied using floristic method 2 years after fire and life forms and geographical distribution of plant species were determined. Sixty nine plant species belonging to 29 families (25 Dicots, 3 monocots and one gymnosperm). The largest families were the mint (Lamiaceae) with 11, Compositeae (Asteraceae) with 9 and carnation family (Caryophyllaceae) with 5 species. The life forms included Therophytes with 36% (25 species), Hemicryptophytes 29% (20 species), Chamaephytes 16% (11 species), Phanerophytes 13% (9 species) and cryptophytes with 6% (4 species). The high percentage of Hemicryptophytes indicated dominance of cold mountainous climate and the presence of Asteraceae species such as harmala (Peganum harmala) showed sever disturbance had taken place in the region and thus, the need for administering greater ecological care and employing more extensive environmental supervision and management was identified.

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Recently, concern over environmental and health effects of massive use of the antibiotics has let to growth of the bio-control agents application. Poly-&beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a natural polymer that can be depolymerized into water-soluble short-chain fatty acid monomers and acts as a microbial control agent. In this study, the effects of partially replacing the diet of Siberian sturgeon fingerlings with 2% and 5% PHB were investigated. Community level physiological profile (CLPP) was used to analyze anaerobic bacterial metabolic diversity in Siberian sturgeon fingerlings hindgut by using Biolog™ Ecoplate microplates. The results indicated that PHB increased metabolic activity in anaerobic bacteria in sturgeon hindgut. Also Lorenz curve and the Shannon index of Biolog™ Ecoplate data revealed that anaerobic metabolic potential of the bacterial community was different in the PHB-treated fishes as compared with the control situation.

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In this research, plant morphology and pollen morphology of 14 populations of 3 species belonging to two sections Plethiosphace and Hemisphace of Salvia genus in Iran were studied. In morphological study 25 quantitative and qualitative characters were investigated and results of this study clearly separated species into two groups. The pollen grains from the herbarium specimens were prepared by acetolysis method and then 4 quantitative characters were examined by light microscopy. Data analysis was carried out by principal component analysis method. Results of the study showed that although the pollen grains in the section are comparatively homogenous and all of them are 6-colpate with reticulate ornamentation, but show a considerable variation in studied quantitative characters. However among the studied characters, equatorial and polar diameters of pollen grains are the most significant characters and based of these characters the members of these sections can be divided into two groups based on these characters that confirmed the results of morphology.

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The genus Pedicularis with 600-800 species is a semiparasitic plant distributed mostly in cold and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere . In this study, nine species of this genus in the flora of Iran has been studied by electron microscopy . The surface of stigma of P. pycnantha and P. wilhelmsiana are flat. It is hemispherical in P. cabulica , P. caucasica , P. rechingeri, P. sibthorpii, P. condensate, P. strausii and conical only in P. rhinanthoides . In order to determine relationships between species, numerical analysis was carried out using 44 quantitative and qualitative of morphological, anatomical and palynological traits. The diagrams obtained from UPGMA and PCA methods were used to establish the relationship between the studied specie. Based on the results of the analysis, traits such as fruit pericarp thickness , spongy parenchyma thickness of leaf , stem height , stem thickness , total thickness of the stem and midrib length with high variability can be useful for species determination and evaluation of the similarities between them.

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Saponins are secondary metabolites that are found in many plants and some animals. These compounds are high molecular weight glycosides, consisting of a sugar moiety linked to a triterpene or steroid aglycone. Many saponins have detergency properties and give stable foam in water. The genus Silene L. with more than 700 species is one of the largest genera of the family Caryophyllaceae mainly distributed in north hemisphere. Saponins are one of important secondary metabolites in members of the genus. Quantitative and qualitative study of the saponins in the aerial parts and roots of three Silene species, namely S. ginodioca, S. spergulifolia and S. swertiifolia were carried out by spectrophotometry and TLC methods. In this study, 5 fractions were obtained from each plant part and in both parts of three species, fraction 1 contain the highest amounts of saponins. On the other hands, root extracts have a high amount of saponins. In addition, thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the extracts evaluated some saponins spots with different Rf.

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Free radicals especially various kind of active oxygens, with destruction of biomolecules such as DNA and proteins, are believed to be the cause of many cancers. In search for antioxidative reagents, it seems that use of natural antioxidants especially those from plants, are of special interest. Salvia leriifolia Benth, from Lamiaceae (syn. Labiatae) family, is a native plant of Iran ( North of Khorasan) and Afghanestan with significant applications in medicine, pharmacology, and food industry. The aim of current investigation, was to recognize the composition of essential oil of S. leriifolia and perform a comparative study on the antioxidant properties of the extracted essence from plants grown in two regions of Khorasan (Neyshabour and Bajestan). According to Gas Chromatography – Mass spectrophotometric analysis, 1,8 Cineole, &alpha-Pinene and &beta-Pinene, were main components of the essential oilAntioxidant activity of essential oil were measured by three different methods, TBARS and BCB (two lipid systems) and DPPH (aqueous system). Antioxidative properties of the essence in both former methods were higher than DPPH assay. It was found that the total essential oil and its pure constituents have a significant antioxidant effect when tested by each method, respectively. BCB assay was the most appropriate method for measurement of antioxidant activity. The antioxidant concentrations influenced its antioxidant power, too. The essence of plants collected from Neyshabour showed stronger antioxidative effect compared to those from Bajestan.

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The various species of Alveolina for biostratigraphy of Eocene sedimentary rocks are very important. In this research, the species of Alveolina  are reported for the first time in three cross sections: Chalonak, Kalaterood and East Beinabad. These sections are attributes to Early- Middle Eocene age. The 55 samples collected from Chalonak section and the thickness is reached to 245 m. In this section, four biozones are distinguished. They are following: Alveolina globula-Alveolina solida interval range zone, Alveolina solida-A .globosa interval range zone, Alveolina globusa total range  zone and  Alveolina aragonesis  total range zone. On the basis of index fossils such as  Alveolinana  avellana, A. aragonensis,A. globula, A. leupoldi, A. globusa, A. elliptica nutalli, A. rotundata, A. corbarica, A.solida, which are existing in these biozones, the age of this section is attributed to Early Eocene. Of course two species of Nummulites (Nummulites globulus, N. atacicus) and Cuvilierina valensis are determined in Chalonak section. The 80 samples are collected from Kalaterood section and the thickness is reached to 242 m. In this section, four biozones are distinguished. They are following: Alveolina solida- A. globosa interval range zone, Alveolina globosa total range zone, Alveolina aragonensis-A. canavarii interval range zone and A. canavarii total range zone. The several index fossils are found in this section following: Alveolina aragonensis, A. decipiens, A. Avellana, A. laxa, A. pasticillata, A. canavari, A . globosa and A. solida. The age of this section is Early Eocene.  The 150 samples are collected from East Binabad section and the thickness is reached to 900 m. In this section, four biozones are presented. They are Glomalveolina   lepidula – Alveolina solida interval rage zone. Alveolina elliptica nutali- Alveolina corbarica interval range zone, Alveolina corbarica total range zone and Alveolina ruetimeyeri-Alveolina levantina assemblage zone. There are several index fossils such as Alveolina corbarica, A. elliptica nuttalli, A.levantina,  A. roetimeyeri  and  A. decipiens, Glomalveolina lepidula. The age of this section is early Eocene.

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Aliabad Damagh region in southern Hamadan, is located NW of Sanandaj Sirjan Zone. In this region, different metamorphic rocks with a variety of fabric elements are exposed. In this research, metamorphic rocks were investigated based on the microfabric and temperature. In the area deformation occurred along the temperature variations path. Three generations of foliation and four deformation phases are present in the region. Porphyroblasts growth in foliation and microfabric evidence reveal that deformation began during regional metamorphism, while mica and chlorite crystallized as post tectonic minerals compare to S₃ during retrograde metamorphism. The highest grade of this metamorphism is green schist to amphibolite facies.
Deformation elements in granite mylonite and metamorphic rocks in Aliabad Damagh region imply occurrence of regional metamorphism followed by a dynamic metamorphism which cause a widespread ductile shear zone. Deformation elements in carbonate mylonites, confirm the presence of a right lateral shear zone. Based on calcite twinning in mylonitize marbles the temperature of dynamic metamorphism is higher than 200 ˚C. Based on the effect of temperature on lithology, fabric and strain rate, the shear zone in Aliabad Damagh region is ductile to brittle.  

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Garnet-micaschists from Haji Qara high, north of Golpayegan, are part of the metamorphic rocks of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SSZ). Lepidoporphyroblastic and porphyropoikiloblastic are the main textures and the mineral assemblages consist dominantly of Fe-biotite, muscovite and ferriphengite, metamorphic Fe-Mg chlorites (I-type and IIb), garnet and quartz. Staurolite, andalusite, plagioclase carbon, Fe-oxides and tourmaline are present as accessories. Petrographic evidences as well as mica chemistry along with other paragenesis and thermometric estimations indicate a path change from amphibolites facies to lower pressure and higher temperature gradient suggesting the presence of a local pluton which led to garnet porphyroblast, biotite and muscovite (overprinted in different orientation) and andalusite crystallization. The occurrence of chlorite, ferriphengite and Fe-oxides demonstrate a retrograde metamorphism during uplift and decompressional cooling path in the area.

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In this paper we introduce a word based stream cipher consisting of a chaotic part operating as a chaotic permutation and a linear part, both of which designed on a finite field. We will show that this system can operate in both synchronized and self-synchronized modes. In particular, we show that in the self-synchronized mode the stream cipher has a receiver operating as an unknown input observer.
In addition we evaluate the statistical uniformity of the output and we also show that the system in the self-synchronized mode is much faster and lighter for implementation compared to similar self-synchronized systems with equal key size.

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The stability constants of 1:1 complexes formed between M2+ : Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ , Cd2+ and the thymidine-5’-diphosphate (dTDP3-) were determined by potentiometric pH titration in aqueous solution (I= 0.1 M, NaNO3 25°C). For comparison, the same values were used the simple diphosphates monoesters (R-DP3-). The acidity constants for dTDP3- i.e. و و were measured also via potentiometric pH titration and various comparisons with related constants were made. By constraction of log versus p plots for the complexes of the diphosphates and by a carful evaluation of the various data pairs from the straight-line correlation, the results show that in the M(dTDP)-- complexes the points lie on the line and the metal ion is only diphosphate-coordinated. This means that there is no interaction between suger and nucleoside base with metal ion. The straight line equations, which result from the mentioned correlations, together with the pKa value of a given monoprotonated diphosphate monoester allow now to predict the stability constants of M(R-DP)--complexes.

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Total streamflow on karstic watershed comprises tow main components in which total baseflow and direct runoff. The former components include groundwater discharge basically. The later component, the direct runoff component, consists of surface runoff resulted from precipitation. Separation of main components of total streamflow on karstic watershed has been performed by "HYSEP" software on bases of Zayandeh-Roud daily streamflow data for 15 Iranian calendar years from 1360-1361 to 1374-1375 water year as a case study. This software employs three methods to compute values of above-mentioned main components separate by fixed interval method, sliding interval method and local minimum method. Comparison of results for above methods obviously shows a good agreement. So the difference of long term results (15 years) for total baseflow is always less than 2.7 %.

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Tubiphtes morronensis has been regarded as a community consisting of foraminifera (miliolid) and an overgrowth of some kind of algae or cyanobacteria. Although occurring in a wide variety of different facies, Tubiphtes morronensis represents a valuable marker fossil for environmental conditions. This is due to the ability of these foraminifera to adapt to different conditions by developing different growth forms. Important feature is the thickness of the outer test, apparently depending on the amount of light available for the algal symbiont. Shallow-water tests may show diameters of more than 1 mm, whereas the diameter of the outer test of deeper water forms strongly tends towards zero. In the Esfandiar Limestone Formation, the diameter of Tubiphtes morronensis is 0.7 mm to 1 mm and shows adaptations to shallow water environments.

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The Complex formation reaction between iodine with tetrabutylammonium halides (TBAX) has been studied spectrophotometrically in chloroform solution at 25ºC. Various aspects of the spectra of iodine in the presence of various concentration of different tetrabutylammonium halides have been discussed in terms of electronic specifications of iodine and halides. In the case of tetrabutylammonium iodide and at high concentrations of iodine, both 1:1 (I3-) and 2:1 (I5-) complexes have been formed. Formation constants of charge transfer complexes were evaluated from the computer fitting of the absorbance-mole ratio data and found to vary in the order: TBAI>TBABr>TBACl>TBAF.

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Let be a set and let be the set of subsets of . The pair in which is a collection of elements of (blocks) is called a design if every element of appears in , times. Is called a symmetric design if . In a symmetric design, each element of appears times in blocks of . A mapping between two designs and is an isomorphism if is a one-to-one correspondence and . Every isomorphism of a design, , to itself is called an automorphism. The set of all automorphisms of a design with the natural composition rule among mappings forms the automorphism group of the design, and is denoted by . Let be an automorphism of a design , we define , and . In this paper we study the automorphism group of a symmetric design with , and prove the following basic theorem. Theorem. If is a fixed block of a symmetric design, , which have fixed points, then i) ii) There is a symmetric design in the structure of this design. In the particular case we study the automorphism group of a possible symmetric design. The existence or of a symmetric design is unknown. We prove that Theorem. If is a possible symmetric design, then , in which . Also if , and i) If , then ii) If , then iii) If , then .

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Manganese (Mn) is a micronutrient that is essential for plant growth and develop-ment. Meanwhile, an excess amount of Mn is one of the most important growth limiting factors in acid soils. The present study was undertaken to identify the effects of excessive Mn on the physiological aspects of tea plant. To this end, 2-year old rooted cuttings of tea (Camellia sinensis L. assamica × sinensis) were grown in a modified Hoagland solution with pH=4.2 for 1 month with aeration in green house, with temperature of 27 ± 3 ˚C and photosynthetic photon flux of 101.5 µmol. m-2 s-1 (400-700 nm) at the plant level. After emergence of new, white roots with 5 to 10 cm in length, the plants were treated for 1 week with excessive Mn to a final concentration of 0.9 mM. After 1 week, the white roots were harvested and frozen in liquid N2 and kept at -80 ˚C until used for determination of PO activity, lignin and sugar as well as chlorophyll content. The activities of soluble peroxidase (SPO), covalently wall-bound peroxidase (CPO) and lignin content decreased by Mn treatment. On the other hand, the activities of ionically wall-bound peroxidase (IPO), sugar and chlorophyll contents increased by Mn treatment. These results suggest that excessive Mn may have beneficial effects on tea plant via lowering lignin content and increasing extensibility of the walls.

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Due to the importance of benthic cyanobacteria in nitrogen fixation in paddyfields, the physiological responses of Fischerella ambigua FS 18 to salinity (NaCl 0, 0.5 & 1%) were investigated. Results indicated that growth rate was higher in control and that NaCl did not inhibit growth of other treatments. Similar responses were seen in the case of other physiological processes. Chlorophyll was declined with increasing salinity. Phycobiliproteins (PBP), phycocyanin (PC) and allophycocyanin (APC) were at least in 0.5% but the differences were not significant. The light-saturated photosynthetic rate was higher in control and decreased with increasing in salinity. With respect to nitrogenase activity, the highest rate was in control and the cultures with higher growth rates reached to the maximum level at a shorter time. There was no significant difference between 0.5 and 1% in relation to nitrogenase activity.

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The mechanism of soybean(Glycine max L.cv.Gorgan 3) response to drought stress was evaluated. The plants were grown in pots under 23 ± 2°C temperature and 14000 lux light intensity and 14hr photoperiod. When first leaf appeard, three irrigation treatments occurred that consisted as one every day(control), once in three(mild stress) and in five days(sever stress).During 15 days the plants were irrigated an amount of 150 ml. The effect of irrigation treatment on the soluble sugar, total protein, proline, phenolic compound, chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity was studied.The results showed that in the root soluble sugar and proline content in mild and sever stress significantly increased while in the stem and the leaf these compound considarably increased under sever stress the total protein ,chlorophyll a,b and nitrate reductase activity in leaf especially decreased in sever stress. Also the decrease phenolic compound in leaf under this condition was significant

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Premenstrual syndrome is a common cyclic problem among the young and middle -aged women which occurs in the luteal phase of the mestrual cycle. It is characterized by a combination of distressing physical, psychological and behavioral symptoms. The prevalence and frequency of syndrome (PMS) was assessed in all students living in an undergraduate female dormitory of Teacher Training University. The results of this study showed that among 326 nuliparous students, 98.2% of them regularly experienced symptoms consistent with PMS. The 4 most common symptoms were abdominal pain, backache, depression and anger. In this study the most disagreeable symptoms were abdominal ache (29.1%), backache (21.6%), anger(9.7%) , anxiety( 9%), and social withdrawal (8/80%) . There was an association between the city of origin and some of the symptoms such as: depression and acne in north of Iran and abdominal ache and back pain in east of Iran. About 43% of students had familial history of PMS and 51% of them took drug for decreasing their symptoms. A severe form of Premenstrual syndrome is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), which its prevalence among the university students was 16.9% .

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Reduction of methoxyketon 1 by NaBH4 gives methoxyketol 2. Allthough acetate and tosylate of this alchohol were not seprated, benzoate ester was isolated. Reduction of ketol 2 by LiAlH4 gives alchohol 4. Ketol 9 does not react with methyl magnesium iodide, but methoxyketon 1 react with both methyl magnesium iodide and phenyl magnesium iodide gives corresponding hydrocarbons. Keton 13 with phenylmagnesium iodide transforms to hydrocarbon 14. Compound 12 and 14 are light sensitive, disposing to light will change each of them to a mixture.