modern research physics

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Maternal alcohol abuse causes abnormal fetal development, a condition called fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Hydrocephalus is one of the main features accompanying this condition. The early sign of hydrocephalus in the fetal period is ventricolumegaly, followed by reduction in the cortex thickness. In this research hydrocephaly and its effect during ethanol exposure was investigated .To inducing FAS, pregnant Wistar rats were fed with 5) % w/v (liquid alcoholic diet from day 8 of pregnancy to delivery. Embryos of E18 and E19 days were decapitated and brains were removed and sectioned and stained by H&E and immunohistochemistry. The analysis of the brain sections revealed significant decrease (p

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Productive and non-productive intrusive of Oligocene-Miocene age with similar mineralogical composition in Kerman porphyry copper belt exhibited important geochemical differences in terms of trace and rare earth element geochemistry. The productive intrusives are best characterized by low contents of MnO (&le0.1 wt.%), Y(&le18ppm), &SigmaHFSE (&le۱۰۰ppm), heavy rare earth elements (Yb&le1.9 ppm), high Sr content(&ge406-1015ppm), high (Sr/Y&ge30), significant REE fractionation (La/Yb&ge20), as well as positive Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu&ge1), when compared with non-productive intrusives(MnO&ge0.1wt.%,Sr=184-576ppm,Y=12-50ppm, Sr/Y<30, La/Yb<15,Eu/Eu*<1).These signatures are indicative of hydrous and oxidized magmas that formed in a condition which has been different from that of the non-productive intrusives. Based on the present study, the discrimination diagrams which can be used as a tool for identification of productive intrusives, where they are accompanied by nonproductive intrusives, in other copper provinces in Iran, are as follows: MnO-Y, &SigmaHFSE-Y, Sr/Y-Y, Sr/Y-SiO2 , La/Yb-SiO2, La/Yb-Yb, Eu/Eu*-SiO2.

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Light is one of the most important environmental factors in fish life. The effect of photoperiod on the growth performances and survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae and fingerlings was investigated in two consecutive experiments. In both experiments fishes were exposed to four treatments (24L/0D, 16L/8D, 8L/16D, 0L/24D) (light: dark, L: D) in three replicates. The results of first experiment indicated that photoperiod affected on the growth performances in larval stage of rainbow trout. The best weight gain and specific growth rate was observed in 24L: 0D and 16L: 8D without significant differences between them and the lowest rates was achieved in 0L: 24D. Also in second experiment, the effect of photoperiod on the growth performances was significant difference and the highest growth rate and specific growth rate was observed in 8L: 16D and the lowest in 24L: 0D and 0L: 24D. Our results showed that the effect of photoperiod in rainbow trout depends to developmental stage and larvae unlike fingerlings have better growth in long light phases.

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Oil pollutions as a consequence of increasing consumption of petroleum, have a tremendous effect on water and soil ecosystems and their microflora. In this study the diversity in physiological parameters, including growth rate, photosynthesis, chlorophyll-a and phycobiliproteins content, between cyanobacterial strains flora isolated from oil-polluted and non-polluted areas, were assessed. To this end, strains were isolated and purified. The experiments were carried out on logarithmic phase cultures of the isolates in suitable liquid media. The chlorophyll and phycobiliproteins contents were determined using a colorimetric method. Photosynthesis was measured by Oxyview apparatus. Growth rates were calculated based on dry weights. Under laboratory conditions, the photosynthesis activity and the chlorophyll content of isolates from oil-polluted sites were significantly lower than non-polluted isolates. On the other hand, the growth rate average of strains from oil-polluted sites was significantly higher than non-polluted strains. Also despite the higher phycobiliproteins content in non-polluted isolates, there was no significant difference in any of these pigments between the two groups. Altogether the results showed that in response to petroleum stress, the cyanobacteria restore the decrease in their chlorophyll content and photosynthesis activity by increasing their biomass. In fact the response is the reflects of restructuring cyanobacterial flora from sensitive autotrophic species to oil-pollution resistant mixotrophic species in the polluted ecosystems that in addition to photosynthesis are able to use crude oil as an energy source for their growth requirements, hence overcome the energy loss due to reduction of photosynthesis and even increase growth rate than non-oil-pollution isolates.

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Salvia L. is one of the important genera of the Lamiaceae family, that most of its species have nutritious and medicinal values. This study aimed to examine the total phenol and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activities of S. aethiopis using spectrophotometric method. The essential oil of this species was analyzed using GC and GC/MS methods. In addition, antibacterial activities of the essential oil and methanolic extract were evaluated against six gram positive and negative bacteria, respectively. Results showed that the extract has high content of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. From GC analysis, 11 different compounds were indentified in which &alpha-copaene was the most abundant compound with 33.48%. The extract of the species showed a high antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris. However, the essential oil of S. aethiopis had no effect on examined bacteria.

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In this paper, the Mutiple Multipoles method is employed to solve nonlinear eigenvalue problem and calculate band structure for a 2D photonic crystal. Band structure is calculated for both TE and TM polarizations. Simulation space is implemented for the first Brillouin zone by using physical properties such as rods radius, permittivity and susceptibility. To model fields inside and outside of object, Multipole centers were located around it and Bessel series inside the object is shown complex fields. We used Bloch theory to implement fictitious periodic boundary conditions for the first Brillouin zone. To validate the code, we simulated the band structure of a cubic lattice and compare the results with Plane Wave Expansion Method which illustrates the accuracy of the code. It is shown that this method can be applied to investigate photonic crystals with irregular shapes and different materials for different lattices such as cubic, trigonal and honeycomb. Furthermore it could be used for dielectric or dispersive material and experimental data. Numerical calculation shows that MMP method is accurate, fast and it can be used on Personal Computers.

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For this purpose 5 sampling stations namely as Astara, Bandar Anzali, Hashtpar, Chaboksar and Bandar Kiashahr were selected along the shoreline of the southwest Caspian. The maximum density was observed in 3-15 m depth. Catch composition from different sampling sites approve this statement. 0.41%, 2.24%, and 2.59% out of total catch was starry goby that came from Bandar Anzali, Chaboksar and Astara sampling stations respectively. This species did not observe in the Hashtpar and Bandar Kiashahr sampling stations. According to the results mean total length was 61.28±16.14 mm and mean weight was 3.16±0.92 gr. 

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In order to understand some physiological mechanism of chilling and cold sensitivity in plants we investigate the effects of chilling and cold stress on chlorophyll and proline content, lipid peroxidation and variable chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of Arabidopsis (thaliana L.) The four weeks-old plants (WT, and four chilling sensitive mutants [chs2-2], [chs2-1], [chs1-2] and [chs1-1]) were subjected to two different low temperature treatments (control (23^̊ C), chilling (13^̊ C) and cold (4^̊ C)), for one week. Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content changed significantly in all mutants except in WT by chilling stress (13^̊ C), compared with control and 4^̊ C treatments. Two out of four mutants, chs1-1 and chs1-2, had lowest chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm value among the tested genotypes. The proline content increased in all mutant genotypes, as well as in WT by chilling stress and 4^̊ C, compared with control. MDA content of shoots changed dramatically in all mutant genotypes except in WT by chilling stress, compared with control and 4^̊  C treatments. Our findings showed that two mutants, chs1-1 and chs1-2, have had highest chilling sensitivity among the tested genotypes and had the highest proline and MDA contents. It is possible that some damages in photosynthetic systems and/or in proline metabolism via mutation cause these plants more sensitive to chilling and cold stress

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An automorphism $theta$ of a group $G$ is pointwise inner if$theta(x)$ is conjugate to $x$ for any $xin G$. It is interesting and natural to discuss the question of ``finding necessary and sufficient conditions for a group $G$ such that certain subgroups of $text{Aut}(G)$ be equal''.
There are some well-known results in this regard for finite groups.
In this paper, we find a necessary and sufficient condition in certain finitely generatednilpotent groups of class 2 for which $mathrm{Aut}_{pwi}(G)simeq mathrm{Inn}(G)$. We also prove that
in a nilpotent group of class 2 with cyclic commutator subgroup $mathrm{Aut}_{pwi}(G)simeq mathrm{Inn}(G)$ and the quotient$mathrm{Aut}_{pwi}(G)/mathrm{Inn}(G)$ is torsion. In particular if $G'$ is a finite cyclic group then $mathrm{Aut}_{pwi}(G)= mathrm{Inn}(G)$.

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Gabbroic stocks and dykes associated with Ophiolitic Basalts and peridotites are outcropped in the Sawlava town area. Sawlava ophiolite is part of Kurdistan Ophiolitic complex that located in sheared zone between high Zagros and northern Sanandaj-sirjan Zone. This study focused geochemistry and dating of granular and pegmatoid gabbros that due to closing to main recent fault (MRF) some part of them found milonitic fabric. Gabbros have 47.84 to 51.65 percent SiO2 and almost formed from tholeiitic magma. Labradorite plagioclase and diopside and augite clinopyroxens with Mg# of 83.90 to 88.90 respectivly are main minerals of gabbros. Based on geochemical and geotectonic diagrams, gabbros generated from slightly deplete magma which formed in back arc supra-subduction zone. U-Pb dating of zircons presents an average age of 38.3±1.3 Ma for gabbros. Late Eocene age from Sawlava gabbros and similar gabbros bodies related to ophiolites along Zagros suture, could indicate that neo-tethyan ocean closed after Eocene in the Kurdistan region.

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In this study, manganese dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized in the pores of zeolite 13X by supporting method and its morphology and structure were characterized by SEM, XRD, IR and AAS techniques. Decontamination reaction of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (a mustard agent simulant) was investigated by GC technique. The results of GC analysis showed that 2-CEES was completely absorbed by Nano-MnO₂/Zeolite13X composite after 168 hours and converted to less toxic chemical product. Decontamination products formed via hydrolysis were hydroxyl ethyl ethyl sulfide and ethyl vinyl sulfide. Destruction reaction of DMMP nerve agent simulant via ³¹P NMR analysis showed that this composite after 36 hours demolished almost 32 percent of nerve agent simulant

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In this research an organic dye called Porphyrin, which showed TCPP in abbreviation form, synthesis. In order to characterized this dye UV-Vis absorptive spectrum was derived and compared with other articles samples. This dye was used to build a dye sensitized solar cell(DSSC), and after characterization of this cell the function of it was measured. Porphyrin absorption spectra obtained in this study is consistent with similar in iranian and international samples that Confirm the accuracy of the porphyrin and a high absorbtion intensity is achieved. A DSSC based TCPP have a good performance that open circuit voltage 0.49 v and short circiut current density 3.6 mA/cm2 and efficiency 0.7% has achieved.

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In this paper, we study the electronic transport of a multi-molecular chain of copper phthalocyanine connected to two metallic leads by using Green’s function method at the tight-binding approach. The results show that in the gaps of this system, the density of states is independent of the number of molecules or the system length. Moreover, increasing of the system length decreases the tunneling conductance and causes the appearance of peaks and dips in the gaps of the conductance spectra and depending on the value of incoming electron energy, the electron tunneling takes place easier, especially in the edges of the gaps.

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In the present study, we investigate DC conduction mechanism of electron beam evaporated   Bromoaluminium phthalocyanine (BrAlPc) thin films using aluminum and gold electrodes. The current-voltage characteristics of sandwich type device are evaluated for the temperature range 298-413K under dark conditions. It is observed that the current passing through the device is increased by increasing temperature at the same voltage in the range of 0-6v. It is found that at lower voltages about 0 to 2v, the current–voltage characteristics demonstrate Ohmic behavior, while the space charge limited current (SCLC) becomes apparent at higher voltages about 2 to 6v, which is restricted by single discrete trapping level. We obtained more than one linear region in the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity. Also, the values of charge carrier mobility and the activation energy of device are evaluated.

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The aim of this study was to estimate Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) induced in human head tissues, by assuming human head as a cubical model filled with lossy dielectric material and exposed to electromagnetic plane waves. The research is carried out by computational simulation using C programming codes. The numerical technique used in this study was Finite Difference in Time Domain (FDTD) method, along with Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) as an appropriate absorbing boundary condition. Different conditions including exposure conditions as well as physical parameters are employed, in order to compare the results to the past literature. Finally, the penetration depth of one of the specified models is expressed by means of interpolation. The results which are in complete agreement with the others in some cases, suggests that considering the biological tissues as dispersive media, would result in correct estimations whereas changing in the structure of the model, doesn’t differ if precise predictions are not important. Furthermore, the penetration depth correlation to frequency is in line with what is expressed in theoretical papers.

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    The methanol extracts of leaves and bulbs of Allium ampeloprasum L. (Alliaceae) were analyzed for their phenolic profiles and screened for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Two biochemical assays, namely DPPH free radical scavenging and &beta-caroten/linoleic acid activity systems, were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the species were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl₃ assays, respectively. Results indicated that the extracts are different in total phenolic content. Results from antioxidant activity showed that the extracts studied in DPPH radical scavenging assay are lower active than ascorbic acid and BHT as synthetic antioxidants. Antibacterial assay showed that the bulbs extract is more effective in inactivation of Haemophilus influenzae and Bacillus cereus and the leaves extract is more effective in inactivation of Bacillus cereus at 100 mg ml^-1 than others. Then, the extracts of Allium ampeloprasum possess strong antioxidant activity and may be used as new drug supplements in the future.

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Genus Cerastium belongs to the subfamily Alsinoideae. This genus is represented with about 30 species in two subgenera (subgenus Dichodon and subgenus Cerastium) and three sections (sect. Strephodon, sect. Orthodon and sect. Schizodon) in flora Iranica area, of which 19 species were reported from Iran. The materials in the TARI herbarium were studied. The vegetative and reproductive characteristics of specimens were checked by stereomicroscope. In family Caryophyllaceae, the seeds bear numerous characters which can be used for taxonomic purposes. The ornamentation features of the seed surface and its relief are different from one species to another. The seeds were carefully taken from mature and dehiscent capsules. Pollen grains obtained from flowers bearing mature anthers. In this paper, Cerastium pentandrum (Caryophyllaceae) is reported as a new record from northwest Iran and Iranian plateau. It belongs to the subg. Cerastium sect. Orthodon. In this section teeth of the capsule are elongated, straight or reflexed, with flat or recurved margins. Morphological characteristics of the new record are provided. This taxon is compared with its closest relative C. balearicum. The ultrastructure of seed and pollen is examined by SEM.

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Periwinkle (Catharanthusroseus L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants that commonly used for its anticancer alkaloids. In this investigation, the effects of different tryptophan concentrations (0, 150, 250 and 350 mg/l) under in vitro regeneration conditions have been studied. The regeneration of different explants on different media compositions in free tryptophan condition showed that the best media conditions obtained by nodal segments explants grown on MS medium containing (BAP, 0.5 mg/l) + (NAA, 1 mg/l). Also, we achieved the rooting medial composition as half MS medium supplemented with (IBA, 0.1 mg/l). After adding of tryptophan into this optimal medium, the maximum shooting and rooting percentages were obtained in the media containing 250 and 350 mg/l tryptophan, respectively. Furthermore, the measurement of shoot and root length, dry and fresh weight of shoot, fresh weight of root, chlorophyll a and carotenoid content and also, soluble sugars content of shoot and root, revealed the best medium in the presence of 350 mg/l tryptophan, while the maximum amount of root dry weight and chlorophyll b were obtained by 250/l mg tryptophan containing medium. . Finally, the analysis of total proteins content of shoot and root showed significant difference between all groups and the higher content of this for shoots and roots observed in 250 mg/l and 350 mg/l, respectively.

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Acid rain, which is a wet form of gaseous air pollutants, is formed when air pollutants such as SO₂, NO₂, CO₂ in atmosphere combine with water vapor of clouds. With the addition of concentration of these pollutants the amount of acid rain is increases. Acid rain that is the mixture of sulphuric acid, nitric acid and carbonic acid lead to change in the soil like the decrease in pH, nutrient liberation, the increase of releasing in toxic metals and the decline in fertility of soil that these cases results negative effects on plants. In present work wheat plants irrigated  and leaf spraied with  four treatments of acid rain which contain sulphuric acid and nitric acid with  pH= 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.6 for a period of 32 days, whereas, control plants irrigated and leaf spraied by normal water at  pH= 7.4 . According to the results control plants in whole of growth and physiological indexes were better than treatments of  acid rain at pH= 2.5 and 3.5, also plants of acid rain treatment at pH= 4.5 and 5.6, were lower in other factors except photosynthetic rate, pigment content and carbohydrate content than control plants. Also acid rain at pH= 2.5 and 3.5 causes white spot in both surface of  leaf and tip and border atrophy.

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To assess nickel-induced toxicity in plants, Zea mays seeds after germination were cultured on hydroponic nutrient solution with nickel concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 micro molar for a period of two weeks. Then its effect on the growth, Hill reaction and photosynthetic pigment's content were investigated. The fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots increased in 50 &muM nickel but decreased in 100 and 200 &muM. The decline in length of root and shoot were observed by increasing Ni concentration.According to results, root and shoot showed differential growth response to varried concentrations of nickel. Ni concentrations up to 100 &muM caused incrtease in the content of chlorophyll a, but it was decreased at 200 &muM Ni. No significant changes in chlorophyll b and carotinoids content observed. The rate of Hill reaction as an ability of chlorophyll a in the reaction center of PSII680 to split water, decreased by increasing Ni concentration.