modern research physics

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In the present study, 55, specimens of Zagros Mountains Calomyscus (Calomyscus bailwardi) were collected by live traps (Sherman traps, Havahart Traps and Locally made traps) from range of different habitats of two localities, Geno Protected Area in Hormozgan Province and Anjerk Prohibited Hunting Area in Kerman Province. These populations were compared according to morphometry and ecological characteristics. At first, four External and 16 cranial- dental characteristics were measured and then ratios of measured characteristics to head and Body length were  calculated. The normality  of data was computed by using Kolmogorov Smironov test. The results of Independent Sample T-Test showed that there are no significant differences between sexes. Descriptive statistics were calculated for characteristics and ratios. Also, in order to show variation between samples and the significance of external and cranial variables Independent Sample T-test was carried out. According to our field observations, this species is nocturnal. The results of analysis showed that the morphometric characteristics of C. bailwardi populations in these regions are slightly different. The results showed that there are significance differences in six from 20 characters (TL, HS, LCH, LPF, LTB and ZW) and six from 21 ratios (HFL/HBL, TL/HBL, LD/HBL, LTB/HBL, LPF/HBL and LM/HBL) in two regions.

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The septum and hippocampus act in concert to control anxiety. In the present study, the possible interaction between septal GABAergic and hippocampal dopaminergic systems in the elevated plus-maze test, an animal model of anxiety were examined. We found that a 10-ng infusion of GABAa receptor agonist, muscimol in the medial septum have an anxiolytic effect , whereas lower doses (2.5 and 5.0 ng) did not induce any effect. Micro-infusion of 1 ng/rat of Baclofen, GABAb receptor agonist into the same location decreased  open-arm exploration in the elevated plus-maze, but lower doses (0.1 and 0.5 ng ) did not. Intra dorsal-hippocampal infusions of dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonist, apomorphine had opposite effects on anxiety- like behavior in dose dependent manner. Lower dose of apomorphine (0.005 µg/rat) increased the percentage of open arm entries and open arm time, whereas higher dose (0.1µg/rat) decreased these parameters,but moderate doses of apomorphine (0.01, 0.05 µg/rat) could not alter the anxiety- like parameters. The infusion of combined sub(non)-effective doses of apomorphine(0.01µg)  and muscimol(2.5 ng) significantly reduced anxiety-like behavior, while co-infusion of sub(non)-effective doses of apomorphine and baclofen(0.1 ng) showed an anxiogenesis effect.The results may indicate that the hippocampal dopaminergic and septal gabaergic systems act synergistically in the modulation of anxiety and the involvement of dopamine is dose dependent.

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Plants from papilionoideae Subfamily of fabaceae family have a papilionoid flower. Glycyrrhiza glabra is an important plant of this family and is a perennial and bushy plant which includes raceme inflorescences with blue or dark violet flowers. Flower has synsepalous calyx with five lobes that at adaxial surface has secretory hairs. Corolla has three kinds of petals: a vexillium, two wings and two keels. In contrast to other petals, wings have secretory locules more and are darker in color. Keels do not attach to each other. Androecium is decamerous, diadelphous, heteromorphy. Anther characters are: tetrasporange, extrorse, longitudinal dehiscence, four wall layers, simultaneous cytokinesis, secretory taptum and sheroidal pollen. Gynoecium is monocarpate with campilotropous and crossinucelate ovules, open style and disk shaped stigma. Secretory thricomes are seen on the outer side of sepals. Fruit is pod with 2-5 seeds, which even at maturity stage has secretory thricomes. Eventually, it seems that flower color, its papilionoid structure, numerous secretory thricomes on ovary wall, sepals and wings are important charachters at insect attraction.

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Let R be a commutative ring with non-zero identity and M be a unital R-module. Then the concept of quasi-secondary submodules of M is introduced and some results concerning this class of submodules is obtained

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In this paper nanoparticles of lithium-cobalt oxide on alumina and silica substrates, by sol-gel method and with citric acid as gelling agent were prepared. The effects of different substrates on size, shape and catalytic effects of nanoparticles were studied. To evaluate the catalytic activity, rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of any of the samples by measuring the volume of oxygen gas released at the time, was investigated. The X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR spectra confirmed the formation of Co3O4 and LiCoO2 phases

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In this research, we are going to study of QCD penguin structure and calculated the second order approximation. The amplitude of decays related to QCD penguin in quark model up to the first and second orders calculated. We calculated the amplitude of QCD penguin on lowest order of for first order of the decay processes and for second order of the decay processes . We calculated the decay rates of the first and second order of QCD penguin for various b quark decays. We consider that, the second order of QCD penguin of b quark decays is much smaller than the first order of them. In the other hand, we can ignore the second order of QCD penguin in the b quark decays. We deduced various two and three body decays of B meson decays from various decays of b quark model. We compared the branching ratios of various decays of B meson, theoretically and experimentally and saw that the second order of QCD penguin term in b quark decays is small.

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The genus Salvia is morphlogically investigated to provide an identification key based on morphological characters in the Northeast of Iran. In this study, we examined more than 350 herbarium and collected specimens of different populations and measured 79 quantitative and qualitative (vegetative and generative) characters. The results of the multivariate analysis (principal component analysis) and Nonparametric Test (K independent samples) indicate that the morphological characters such as blossom shape, ring of trichome inside of corolla and protrusion style differentiated the Salvia species. For the first time, the species Salvia shariffi is reported in the Jonoubi and Shomali Khorassans.

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In this study, the effects of semen ion ratios on spermatological parameters and pH in carp were evaluated. The Spermatological and biochemical parameters from 14 males fish in the laboratory by microcentrifuge, stereomicroscope, spectrophotometer, flame photometer and ph meter were measured. Na⁺/K⁺, Na⁺/Ca²⁺, Na⁺/Mg²⁺, K⁺/Ca²⁺, K⁺/Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ ion ratios of each treatment were divided into three groups. The results of this study showed that sperm quality increased with increasing of Na⁺/K⁺ but decreased with increasing of Na⁺/ Ca²⁺, K⁺/ Mg²⁺ and K⁺/Ca²⁺. Also, change of ion ratios Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ and Na⁺/Mg²⁺ has no influence on sperm quality. The refore, it can be concluded that ion ratios are effective in increase or decrease of sperm quality.

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Mortality forecasts are nowadays widely used to create and modify retirement pension schemes, disability insurance systems and other social security programmers. Experience shows that static life tables overestimate death probabilities. The reason for this overestimation is that static life tables, through being computed for a specific period of time, cannot take into account the decreasing mortality trend over time. Dynamic life tables overcome this problem by incorporating the influence of the calendar when graduating mortality.
In this paper, we first apply the Lee-Carter model for estimation of mortality rate. Then, we use parametric and semi parametric bootstrap prediction intervals for mortality trend. Finally, these methods are applied for analysis of mortality data of Iran.

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The volcano - sedimentary complex in the North of Shahrekord , center of Chahar mahal and bakhtiary province as a NW-SE trend belt has located in the central part of the Sanandaj- Sirjan structural zone is composed of volcanics (basalts, andesitic basalts and andesites),subvolcanics (dolerites and microdiorites), volcaniclastics (tuffs, lapilli tuffs, agglomerates, volcanic breccia and tuffites) belong to Upper Jurassic, Middle Kimmerian orogenic phase. These rocks with calc-alkaline to tholeiitic affinity were erupted in a subduction environment as island arc.
The above mentioned lithological unites have been affected by hydrothermal fluids with pH=8-9, T=226◦C(in intermediate argillic zone) to 300◦C (in quartz- epidote veins) under 200 bar pressure. The secondary minerals have replaced primary rock components (selective pervasive) or have occurred as vein and vesicle fillings (non pervasive). There are three alteration zones in the study area including propylitic (chloritic), sericitic and intermediate argillic based on variety amounts of the chlorite, epidote, clinozoisite, calcite and illite. Vesicles in basalts are filled by chlorite-epidote-clinozoisite-calcite- quartz assemblages too. The investigation of mass changes show that the volcanic rocks have lossed their mass as result of hydrothermal alteration partially in chloritic zone. CaO enrichment and Na2O depletion in chloritic zone, Na2O, K2O depletion and MgO enrichment in sericitic zone, FeO, Na2O, K2O enrichment in intermediate argillic zone are key indices to determination of fossil alteration zones.
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The Alut granitoid complex is located in the northwestern part of the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone. This complex comprises three main units i.e. monzogranite to granodiorite bodies (SiO2 = 65–77 wt %) which is widespread throughout the area, a quartz-diorite to tonalite unit (SiO2 = 52–63 wt %) exposed as two stocks and mylonitic granitoid scattered as separate outcrops through the area. NE-SW trending microquartz-diorite and NW-SE trending aplite dykes are also present in this complex. The quartz-diorite to tonalite unit has relatively high CaO,FeO, MgO, Al2O3 and low Rb/Sr, Sr/Y, and (La/Yb)N, which preclude an origin of variably fractionated mantle melts and favour a mafic lower crustal source. Dehydration melting of biotite-bearing metasedimentary sources at relatively low pressures is proposed for the origin of monzogranite to granodiorite unit. Geochemically this complex is metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, typical of I-type granites. It belongs to low K (and high K for some monzogranite samples) calc-alkaline series and displays the geochemical characteristics typical of volcanic arc plutons related to an active continental margin area (e.g. significant Nb, Ti, P and Sr depletion). Based on collected geochemical data, the Alut granitoids originated by partial melting of crustal protoliths having different compositions in a deformed active margin.

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Citrus fruits are tropical and sub-tropical crops. The main problem in sub-tropical area is chilling and frost damage. Regarding the sensitivity of citrus fruit to low temperature and the conjunction of the fruit harvest season with low temperature, the investigation of the physiological impacts of low temperature treatments are very important. In this study, flavedo tissue of five cultivars of citrus fruit was examined to compare some enzymatic antioxidants activities including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT) under various cold treatments, i.e. control (~15), 3, 0, -3 and -6 ^°C in two stages of before and after ripening of the fruits. The high activity of SOD enzyme in the flavedo tissue of the examined cultivars indicated that this tissue is the first defensive line of the fruits facing low temperatures treatments. The activity of CAT enzyme in the flavedo tissue of Sanguinello before and after ripening stages was higher in all low temperature treatments compared with other cultivars. Unshiu and Local Orange had maximum and minimum activity of APX enzyme, respectively in both stages. Also, Unshiu, Sanguinello and Local lemon showed increasing activity of POD enzyme by decreasing temperature

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MgO thin films were prepared using sol-gel method. The influence of annealing temperature on optical, structural properties and surface morphology of the films were investigated using FTIR, UV-Visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical constants and thickness of the films were determined by pointwise unconstrained minimization approach. The optical transmittance has decreased with increase of annealing temperature. The refractive index and extinction coefficient of the films increased while the thickness and optical band gap of the films decreased with increasing of annealing temperature. The thickness of film decreased from 635 to 420nm and optical band gap decreased from 4.05 to 4.02eV. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity increased with annealing temperature. XRD patterns demonstrated that the prepared films at 500℃ were amorphous. In addition, the crystal structure of MgO nanopowders which was prepared by sol-gel method was investigated. The crystalline orientation of MgO nanopowders was improved by increasing the sintering temperature. The SEM micrographs show that a homogenous and crack-free film can be prepared at 500°C.
 

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Nickelate with general formula La_2-xSr_xNiO₄ (x≈0.33) were synthesized by the sol–gel method. Then by changing the sintering temperature and growth parameters, particles with various sizes were produced. The crystal structure and physical properties of the prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and resistivity measurements from room temperature to low temperatures. The XRD results and investigation of the surface morphology show the lowest temperature to get a single phase tetragonal structure is 920°C. These data confirm the formation of single phase structure in samples sintered at higher temperatures. The particle size increases with increase in sintering temperature. The FE-SEM results show that the particles sizes are in range of 50nm to 2mm. The results of resistivity measurements versus temperature by fourprobe method indicate that the charge ordering transition temperature move to lower temperature with decrease in particle size. 

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For this purpose 5 sampling stations namely as Astara, Bandar Anzali, Hashtpar, Chaboksar and Bandar Kiashahr were selected along the shoreline of the southwest Caspian. The maximum density was observed in 3-15 m depth. Catch composition from different sampling sites approve this statement. 0.41%, 2.24%, and 2.59% out of total catch was starry goby that came from Bandar Anzali, Chaboksar and Astara sampling stations respectively. This species did not observe in the Hashtpar and Bandar Kiashahr sampling stations. According to the results mean total length was 61.28±16.14 mm and mean weight was 3.16±0.92 gr. 

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In this research work nano porous silicon layers with different porosity were prepared by using electrochemical etching. Surface morphology and size of pores were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).TiO2 thin films with EBPVD method have been deposited on the surface of PSi layers. The influence of anodization conditions such as anodization time interval and current density on electrical properties and surface morphology of sandwich devices were carried out using I-V measurement .The results showed that, electrical properties were influenced by changes of current density and anodization time interval. We also investigated the AC electrical conductivity of Al/TiO2/PSi/Al sandwich devices over the range of frequency 102 to 105 Hz and temperature range 300 to 378 K. It is known that, over the range of frequency < 103Hz the band theory and over the range of frequency > 103Hz hopping mechanism is applicable in explaining the conductivity of TiO2/PSi thin films nano structures with aluminum electrodes.

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In this article‎, ‎the efficient numerical methods for finding solution of the linear and nonlinear Fredholm integral equations of the second kind on base of Bernstein multi scaling functions are being presented‎. ‎In the beginning the properties of these functions‎, ‎which are a combination of block-pulse functions on ‎, ‎and Bernstein polynomials with the dual operational matrix are presented‎. ‎Then these properties are used for the purpose of conversion of the mentioned integral equation to a matrix equation that are compatible to a algebraic equations system‎. ‎The imperative of the Bernstein multi scaling functions are‎, ‎for the proper quantitative value of and have a high accuracy and specifically the relative errors of the numerical solutions will be minimum‎. ‎The presented methods from the standpoint of computation are very simple and attractive and the numerical examples which were presented at the end shows the efficiency and accuracy of these methods‎.

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In this paper, we study the Arens regularity properties of module actions and we extend some proposition from Baker, Dales, Lau and others into general situations. We establish some relationships between the topological centers of module actions and factorization properties of them with some results in group algebras. In 1951 Arens shows that the second dual of Banach algebra endowed with the either Arens multiplications is a Banach algebra, see [1]. The constructions of the two Arens multiplications in lead us to definition of topological centers for with respect to both Arens multiplications. The topological centers of Banach algebras, module actions and applications of them were introduced and discussed in [3, 5, 6, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25]. In this paper, we extend some problems from [3, 5, 6, 16, 22] to the general criterion on module actions with some applications in group algebras. Baker, Lau and Pym in [3] proved that for Banach algebra with bounded right approximate identity, is an ideal of right annihilators in and . In the following, for a Banach , we study the similar discussion on the module actions and for Banach , we show that

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Let ( R,m ) be a Noetherian local ring, a an ideal of R and M a finitely generated R- module. We investigate some properties of formal local cohomology modules with respect to a Serre subcategory. We provide a common language to indicate some properties of formal local cohomology modules. Let ( R,m ) be a Noetherian local ring, a an ideal of R and M a finitely generated R- module. We investigate some properties of formal local cohomology modules with respect to a Serre subcategory. We provide a common language to indicate some properties of formal local cohomology modules.

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In this paper, a collocation method based on the Bessel polynomials is used for the solution of nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra-Hammerstein integro-differential equations (FVHIDEs) under mixed condition. This method of estimating the solution, transforms the nonlinear (FVHIDEs) to matrix equations with the help of Bessel polynomials of the first kind and collocation points. The matrix equations correspond to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations with the unknown Bessel coefficients. Present results and comparisons demonstrate that our estimate has good degree of accuracy and this method is more valid and useful than other methods.In this paper, a collocation method based on the Bessel polynomials is used for the solution of nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra-Hammerstein integro-differential equations (FVHIDEs) under mixed condition. This method of estimating the solution, transforms the nonlinear (FVHIDEs) to matrix equations with the help of Bessel polynomials of the first kind and collocation points. The matrix equations correspond to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations with the unknown Bessel coefficients. Present results and comparisons demonstrate that our estimate has good degree of accuracy and this method is more valid and useful than other methods.