modern research physics

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The present work was an attempt to investigate the parameters which can affect the process of hydrogel formation in the presence of ultrasound. These parameters were concentration of the reactants (monomers and cross linker), the reaction medium (solvent, ionic strength, and pH), and acoustic parameters (power and pulse). The monomers were acrylic acid and acrylamide, and the cross linker was methylene bis acrylamide. The experiments were performed at a constant temperature of 37 °C. Pulsed power ultrasound was irradiated to the reaction mixture from the tip of a probe system. The results showthatultrasonic irradiation significantly reduces the reaction time and increases efficiency. Additionally, increasing glycerol in the solution changes the viscosity of the reaction for the better and increases the reaction rate. However, ionic strength and pH were not significantly effective in this respect. Results  showed  that ultrasonic acrylic  hydrogel  are sensitive to pH and temperature. Therefore, these  hydrogels is capable for rapid drug absorption and release according to porosity in their structure. These findings provide a better understanding of hydrogel synthesis and enable us to control the pertinent parameters.

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in this paper, the effect of rough interface is investigated on spin dependent transmission in a magnetic tunneling junction. For calculating of transmission probability the transfer matrix technique and the approximation of effective mass is used in calculations.  The mentioned magnetic structure includes of two semiconductor ferromagnetic separated by a nonmagnetic layer which is attached to two metal nonmagnetic electrodes. The different components of spin dependent  transmission probability (direct and indirect)   in the presence of roughness is studied while the roughness is distributed as random islands in interfaces. The results of calculations show that roughness  affects the transport of incident electrons through mentioned double barrier structure, effectively. Because the scattering due to roughness of interface and therefore opening addition conduction  channels, results to reduce the peak of incident electrons transmission probability. Also, the effect of percent of interface roughness is studied on component of indirect  transmission probability. 

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In this paper rationalized Haar (RH) functions method is applied to approximate the numerical solution of the fractional Volterra integro-differential equations (FVIDEs). The fractional derivatives are described in Caputo sense. The properties of RH functions are presented, and the operational matrix of the fractional integration together with the product operational matrix are used to reduce the computation of FVIDEs into a system of algebraic equations. By using this technique for solving FVIDEs time and computational are small. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate application of the presented method with RH functions base.In this paper rationalized Haar (RH) functions method is applied to approximate the numerical solution of the fractional Volterra integro-differential equations (FVIDEs). The fractional derivatives are described in Caputo sense. The properties of RH functions are presented, and the operational matrix of the fractional integration together with the product operational matrix are used to reduce the computation of FVIDEs into a system of algebraic equations. By using this technique for solving FVIDEs time and computational are small. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate application of the presented method with RH functions base.

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Department of Chemistry, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran High frequency sound wave, ultrasound, is widely used to facilitate chemical reactions, especially in the polymerization reactions.This paper reports a study which synthesized acrylic hydrogel in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation (20-kHz, power 80%, pulse 8) in a water/glycerol medium. Acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AAm) were used as acrylic monomers, and methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinker. The experiments were performed at a constant temperature of 37 °C. It was found that hydrogel formation is faster in the presence of ultrasound than in its absence. In addition, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and SEM spectroscopy showed that the hydrogel synthesized ultrasonically has a higher swelling capacity and a more uniform and porous structure. It was also discovered that hydrogel formation speeds up at higher quantities of glycerol. However, an increase in crosslinker concentration proved ineffective although it changed the appearance of the hydrogel. The method proposed in this research can be used in the synthesis of biomedical materials and in the development of drug delivery systems.

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Diffusion Processes such as Brownian motions and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes are the classes of stochastic processes that have been under considerations of the researchers in various scientific disciplines including biological sciences. It is usually assumed that the outcomes of these processes
are lied on the Euclidean spaces. However, some data are appeared in physical, chemical and biological phenomena that cannot be considered as the observations in Euclidean spaces due to various features
such as the periodicity of the data. Hence, we cannot analysis them using the common mathematical methods available in Euclidean spaces. In addition, studying and analyzing them using common linear statistics are not possible. One of these typical data is the dihedral angles that are utilized to identifying, modeling and predicting the proteins backbones. Because these angles are representatives of points on the surface of torus, it seems that proper statistical modeling of diffusion processes on the torus could be of a great help for the research activities on dynamic molecular simulations in predicting the proteins backbones. In this article, using the Riemannian distance on the torus, the stochastic differential equations to describe the Brownian motions and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes on this geometrical objects will be derived. Then, in order to evaluate the proposed models, the statistical simulations will be performed using the equilibrium distributions of aforementioned stochastic processes. Moreover, the link between the gained results with the available concepts in the non-linear statistics will be highlighted.