modern research physics

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In this article, we compare two procedures for solving a parabolic inverse heat problem subject to the over specified boundary condition .The first procedure is obtained by introducing transformation of unknown function and solving transformed problem by finite difference method. And the second method based on trace-type functional (TTF) formulation is examined on the solving of considered problem. Some numerical examples are presented

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This study presents the electric behavior of sandwich devices based on porous silicon (PS) thin films with Au/Ps/Si/Cu structure when the material’s surface is exposed to different gases. PS thin films were fabricated by the electrochemical anodization method of Si–c (100) substrates with resistivity 1.4-2.6 Ωcm. Samples were anodized in a solution of HF (48%), C2H5OH (99.98%) and distilled water with different current densities, etching time(t) and anodization length(L). They exhibit a different behavior after anodization process. This behavior can be explained by band gap measurement on   graph. In this research, measurement of I-V and I-T characteristics were carried out at different conditions, in the presence of O2, N2 and Co2 gases for gas sensing construction. The best response to gas exposure belonged to these parameters: current density= 20 mA/cm² ،t = 1800 S ، PH = 1.869 and L = 4 cm.

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Four Branchinecta orientalis populations from different parts of West Azarbaijan were compared using morphometric and ecological characteristics. Filed studies showed that, B. orientalis widely distributed in the lagoons around the Urmia Lake and also Northern regions of province. The discriminant function analysis based on morphological characteristics (12 in female and 10 male) measurements showed that there are significant differences between the studied populations, where 96 % of males, 91 % of females and cumulatively 85.3% of original grouped cases were correctly classified. As a general result, it may be concluded that discriminant function analysis using male morphological characters is a powerful tool in discrimination of populations under study.

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In this research work nano porous silicon layers with different porosity were prepared by using electrochemical etching. Surface morphology and size of pores were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).TiO2 thin films with EBPVD method have been deposited on the surface of PSi layers. The influence of anodization conditions such as anodization time interval and current density on electrical properties and surface morphology of sandwich devices were carried out using I-V measurement .The results showed that, electrical properties were influenced by changes of current density and anodization time interval. We also investigated the AC electrical conductivity of Al/TiO2/PSi/Al sandwich devices over the range of frequency 102 to 105 Hz and temperature range 300 to 378 K. It is known that, over the range of frequency < 103Hz the band theory and over the range of frequency > 103Hz hopping mechanism is applicable in explaining the conductivity of TiO2/PSi thin films nano structures with aluminum electrodes.

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In this paper, we study the Arens regularity properties of module actions and we extend some proposition from Baker, Dales, Lau and others into general situations. We establish some relationships between the topological centers of module actions and factorization properties of them with some results in group algebras. In 1951 Arens shows that the second dual of Banach algebra endowed with the either Arens multiplications is a Banach algebra, see [1]. The constructions of the two Arens multiplications in lead us to definition of topological centers for with respect to both Arens multiplications. The topological centers of Banach algebras, module actions and applications of them were introduced and discussed in [3, 5, 6, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25]. In this paper, we extend some problems from [3, 5, 6, 16, 22] to the general criterion on module actions with some applications in group algebras. Baker, Lau and Pym in [3] proved that for Banach algebra with bounded right approximate identity, is an ideal of right annihilators in and . In the following, for a Banach , we study the similar discussion on the module actions and for Banach , we show that

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There are several methods for goodness of fit test for the skew normal distribution. This work focused on method of Meintanis [8] which is based on the empirical moment generating function. This test is discussed for the known and the unknown shape parameter. Meintanis [8] claimed that power of his test is higher than the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. But this claim is true only for the known shape parameter. In this paper, we provide a new method for finding his test statistic that has more efficiency. Also Meintanis [8] not determine the size of himself test for the known shape parameter which in this paper we will determine it.

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The granitoid intrusion trending NW-SE, is expose in the East of Zanjan, structurally located in the Alborz - Azarbaijan zone and Tarom sub-zone. Petrographic composition of the intrusion includes a range of monzogranite, quartz-monzonite, quartz-monzodiorite to monzodiorite and in fact shows monzonite series composition. The major rock forming minerals consist of K-feldspar, plagioclase, pyroxene (augite-diopside) and quartz. They show granular, intergranular, microgranular to porphyrytic-microgranular textures. The intrusion has metaliminus high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and I-type affinity. Enclaves of the intrusion have micro-granular mafic and monzodiorite, quartz monzodiorite composition, which are fine-grained than their host rock and have micro-granular porphyritic texture. According to the petrographical and geochemical studies, the magma has originated from partial melting of metasomitised sub-continental lithospheric mantle due to fluids and/or partial melts that originated from subduction edge. According to Harker Diagrams seems that monzodiorite magmas differentiation Leads to monzonite Formation And finally the Crystallization and differentiation are monzogranite. Therefore Crystallization and differentiation are the most important processes controlling rock types in the monzonite series intrusion. Tectonic diagrams indicate a continental margin magmatic arc and syn-to-post collisional intra-arc extensional environment.

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Anbaran inlier is located at the NW of Namin city. In the inlier Pre-Paleozoic roks surrounded by young Eosen and Cretaceouse rocks.To interpret the inlier deformation and its evolution model, geometry as well as kinematic characteristic its major structurs analysed for the first time. For the faults kinematic, indicator, such as slickenside, fault associated folds and S-C structure were used. The results of analysis show that the major structurs of inlier are the Anbaran and RF1 fault at its Norht and South margins.The high angle Anbaran and RF1 faults cause thrusting of the Pre-Paleozoic Biandor and Soltanieh formation in the core of inlier over the Eocen volcanic units and Cretaceouce limeston respectively.This resulted in development of a pop-up structure that form the present morphology of the region .The fault high angele dip, and deposition of Cretaceous sediments on its hanging wall provide evidence for the fault inversion.therefor the RF1 fault is considered as the inverted anbaran fault backthrust.

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Determining the Optimal Complexity of Bipartite Access Structures

Abbas Cneraghi

Abstract

Keywords: Complexity, Secret Sharing Scheme, Access structure.



In a bipartite secret sharing scheme, the set of participants is divided into two parts, and all participants in each part play an equivalent role. The ideal bipartite access structures were characterized by Padro and Saez, but it is not known which is the optimal information rate of non ideal bipartite access structures. Determining the optimal complexity of general access structures is one of the major problems in secret sharing. We study this open problem restricted to the bipartite access structures, obtaining a new method to compute bounds on the optimal complexity. Namely, by using the connection between secret sharing schemes and polymatroids, we show a linear programming problem that determines, for each access structure, a lower bound on the complexity. Moreover, we show new optimal constructions for certain bipartite access structures.

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In the present study, we investigate DC conduction mechanism of electron beam evaporated   Bromoaluminium phthalocyanine (BrAlPc) thin films using aluminum and gold electrodes. The current-voltage characteristics of sandwich type device are evaluated for the temperature range 298-413K under dark conditions. It is observed that the current passing through the device is increased by increasing temperature at the same voltage in the range of 0-6v. It is found that at lower voltages about 0 to 2v, the current–voltage characteristics demonstrate Ohmic behavior, while the space charge limited current (SCLC) becomes apparent at higher voltages about 2 to 6v, which is restricted by single discrete trapping level. We obtained more than one linear region in the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity. Also, the values of charge carrier mobility and the activation energy of device are evaluated.

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Today, induced pluripotent cells (iPS) have been recognized as a new and good cell source for cell therapy. In this study, we examined whether human iPS cells, cultured on scaffolds, can differentiate into definitive endodermal cells, as precursor for hepatocytes, pancreatic and lung cells. Embryoid bodies (EBs) composed of iPS cells then EBs were seeded on electrospinning nanofiber scaffold (PCL). The cells were differentiated into definitive endoderm by using IDE1(induced definitive endoderm). Expression of definitive endoderm markers including Sox17, FoxA2 and Gsc were confirmed by Immunocytochemistry attaining and RT-PCR analysis. In the present study, cells morphology and cells viability were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscopy and MTT assay respectively.The results of this study demonstrated the positive effect of 3D cultures, by using suitable factors, on definitive endoderm differentiation.definitive endoderm by using IDE1(induced definitive endoderm). Expression of definitive endoderm markers including Sox17, FoxA2 and Gsc were confirmed by Immunocytochemistry attaining and RT-PCR analysis. In the present study, cells morphology and cells viability were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscopy and MTT assay respectively.The results of this study demonstrated the positive effect of 3D cultures, by using suitable factors, on definitive endoderm differentiation.

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In the North of Bam city there were extensive volcanism and outcrops are basic and felsic volcanic rocks that crosscut by various dykes The volcanic rocks have sub alkaline and calc-alkaline to shoshonitic characteristic, however dykes are alkaline and potassic in nature. In the spider diagram all samples show enrichment in the LILEs and depletion and troughs in the HFSs elements that coincide with subduction related and upper crust rocks features. The studied samples represent enrichment in the LREE with various (La/Yb)N ratio and rhyolites show clear trough in Eu. According to geochemical features, studied rocks generated from different sources. Trachy andesy basalts and trachy andesites formed from 1-10% partial melting of metasomatized spinal lherzolite source. Dacitic magma generated from partial melting of mafic source in the lower crust while rhyolites formed from partial melting of metagreywacke source. The olivine basaltic and basaltic dykes generated from less than 1% and 3-5% partial melting of metasomatized garnet- spinel- bearing lherzolitic mantle source, respectively. Eocene volcanism in the Bam area has been occurred during subduction of Neo-Tethys oceanic crust beneath central Iran in the continental volcanic arc tectonic setting.

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Deltas of the most important morphological units are a tremendous effect on agricultural activities, mining, coastal management and etc. Despite appropriate soil and water resources deltas, are influenced by environmental phenomena such as climate change and sea level changes. The effect of these changes will appear on physico-chemical, mineralogical deposits. This study was conducted to analyze the Karkheh delta depositional environments based on the chemical characteristics of ancient sediments. Depositional environments and locations of core were identified using digital data processing, geomorphology mapping and initial visit of the area. The coring was carried out with rotary drilling machine and continuously to a depth of ten meters in jofeir and Rofayeh. Among The cores, 20 samples were selected for mineralogical and chemical tests. Differences in chemical and mineralogical characteristics revealed at least three major discontinuities exist between sedimentary layers to a depth of 10 m. In addition, thickness and type of the sediment are not same conditions and it changes depending on the stability of depositional environments. Increasing of Mg / Ca, magnesium and salinity, and reducing of clay particles, show Sedimentary environments trend is toward dry conditions and high energy environments at depths from 10 to 5 meters. In contrast, the depth of 5 to 4 and 3 to 0 meter this trend towards more humid climate and low energy environments. Therefore, it is concluded that the depositional environment of the Karkheh River delta at the upper Holocene is not constant, and this has led to changes in the delta.

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Baladeh-Kojour earthquake of May 28^th, 2004 is one of the largest earthquakes in vicinity of Tehran, occurred in the northern part of the Alborz range. In this research, spatial variation of fractal parameters has been studied to estimate the seismic pattern of the study area. In order to draw the spatial variation maps, b-value, correlation dimension of epicentral and temporal distribution of earthquakes, D_e and D_t have been calculated for the data sets of before and after the mainshock, separately. The results show that before the earthquake, these parameters have low values in the eastern side of the mainshock epicenter. It seems that these low values before the earthquake may arise due to clusters of events with larger magnitude and small events after it. Seismic rate has decreased in the surroundings of the mainshock (seismic quiescence). After the mainshock, the lowest values of b-value and D_t is seen in the epicentral and western part of the mainshock. These low values are due to aftershock clustering and stress release, took placed just after the mainshock and during the aftershock sequence. Intensity increasing is observed in the shake map of earthquake. The D_e parameter is low after the mainshock occurrence. Low b-value and high D_e indicate high level of seismic activity in the region. The obtained results show the fractal parameters sensitivity to spatial and temporal clustering of earthquakes. Therefore, these parameters can be used as an indicator for seismic precursory patterns of major earthquakes.