Volume 10, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards 2023, 10(3): 31-52 |
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Darouei P, zeaiean P, Azizpour F, Riahi V. Spatial zoning of wheat and barley cultivation in agricultural lands exposed to water scarcity
Case study: Lenjanat region in Isfahan province. Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards 2023; 10 (3) :31-52
URL: http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3415-en.html
URL: http://jsaeh.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3415-en.html
1- Ph.D. in Geography and Rural Planning and Assistant Professor of jahade daneshgahi, Isfahan Branch, Isfahan, Iran. , parastoodarouei@gmail.com
2- Associate Professor, Department of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
3- Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Associate Professor, Department of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
3- Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract: (2650 Views)
Introduction
Agricultural activities, as a foundation of growth and development and part of the rural development process, guarantee the economic life of many villages in the country. However, in recent years, other products' water scarcity and resource limitations have affected these activities. This issue has severely challenged the sustainability and life of rural settlements.
In this regard, organizing and developing an optimal cropping pattern is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable agricultural and rural development in Iran. To achieve this goal, the cultivation of crops must be commensurate with the capabilities of production resources, especially water resources.
Therefore, determining the appropriate spatial distribution of agricultural lands for the cultivation of various crops is one of the primary foundations for implementing optimal cropping pattern. Accordingly, the present study seeks to identify suitable spatial zoning for wheat and barley cultivation as the main crops in agricultural lands in traditional Lenjanat regions, which are exposed to a growing water crisis.
Data and Methodology
According to the main purpose of the research, the data obtained from spatial distribution maps of current cropping patterns and spatial distribution of suitable lands for crop cultivation.
This study prepared the suitability maps of the major agricultural products at a distance of 10 km on both sides of Zayandeh Rud River in Lenjanat region using multi-criteria decision-making methods.
Thus, the agronomic-ecological needs of the two major crops in the area (wheat and barley) were determined, and a standard map for each crop was classified using ArcGIS software. Then, the digital layers were combined by allocating the weight obtained from the Analytical Hierarchy Process and the Simple Additive Weighting method. Finally, talent assessment and land zoning was performed in four categories from unsuitable to very suitable for cultivating wheat and barley crops. Using the analytical hierarchy process method and experts' opinions led to high accuracy results.
Results and Discussion
The results of the land suitability map showed that 90.6% of the agricultural lands in the study area are very suitable and relatively suitable for the cultivation of the wheat crop. The northern and eastern regions, located in Falavarjan county and the north part of Mobarakeh county, are the most suitable areas for wheat cultivation. As we move from the north and east to the west of the study area, the capability areas for wheat cultivation decrease. Limiting factors in these areas are unsuitable soil texture, low temperature, shallow soil, high slope, low rainfall and drainage.
As for barley cultivation, a large part of the area, equal to 30635.3 hectares (more than 91%), is very suitable and relatively suitable. In these areas, in the northern and eastern parts of Lenjanat, unsuitable soil texture, shallow soil, high slope and low drainage are the most critical limiting factors for barley cultivation.
A comparison of "spatial distribution of land suitability" with "spatial distribution of cropping pattern" shows that the crops in this study (wheat and barley) have been cultivated in a suitable area in terms of the ecological potential of lands.
Conclusion
The results of this evaluation can be used in the spatial distribution of the optimal cropping pattern to select a suitable cultivation site for these two crops and other existing and alternative crops.
Wheat and barley are the major crops usually used in planning optimal cropping patterns, regardless of the economic issues. Considering suitable spatial distribution for wheat and barley, they should be distributed in such a way with the slightest difference compared to the current cropping pattern. On the other hand, a large area of the Lenjanat region is suitable for cultivating wheat and barley. In addition, an agricultural unit may have different capacities for other crops, so it is necessary to pay attention to the ecological potential of other crops. Wheat and barley should be cultivated in lands which are unsuitable or semi-suitable for other crops.
Accordingly, it is necessary to provide spatial zoning of existing and alternative crops in the Lenjanat area with fewer water requirements and higher economic benefits to be introduced in the optimal cropping pattern.
In this study, only agronomic-ecological criteria and needs with available data were examined due to data limitations in assessing crop suitability. Therefore, completing land suitability maps by considering more evaluation criteria such as evapotranspiration and the amount of water available is recommended.
Also, to have a "spatial distribution of the optimal cropping pattern", paying attention to the ecological potential of the lands, also considering other criteria and priorities such as natural, socio-cultural, economic and political criteria is necessary. So, we can develop a cropping pattern that provides a basis for desirable space dynamics.
Agricultural activities, as a foundation of growth and development and part of the rural development process, guarantee the economic life of many villages in the country. However, in recent years, other products' water scarcity and resource limitations have affected these activities. This issue has severely challenged the sustainability and life of rural settlements.
In this regard, organizing and developing an optimal cropping pattern is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable agricultural and rural development in Iran. To achieve this goal, the cultivation of crops must be commensurate with the capabilities of production resources, especially water resources.
Therefore, determining the appropriate spatial distribution of agricultural lands for the cultivation of various crops is one of the primary foundations for implementing optimal cropping pattern. Accordingly, the present study seeks to identify suitable spatial zoning for wheat and barley cultivation as the main crops in agricultural lands in traditional Lenjanat regions, which are exposed to a growing water crisis.
Data and Methodology
According to the main purpose of the research, the data obtained from spatial distribution maps of current cropping patterns and spatial distribution of suitable lands for crop cultivation.
This study prepared the suitability maps of the major agricultural products at a distance of 10 km on both sides of Zayandeh Rud River in Lenjanat region using multi-criteria decision-making methods.
Thus, the agronomic-ecological needs of the two major crops in the area (wheat and barley) were determined, and a standard map for each crop was classified using ArcGIS software. Then, the digital layers were combined by allocating the weight obtained from the Analytical Hierarchy Process and the Simple Additive Weighting method. Finally, talent assessment and land zoning was performed in four categories from unsuitable to very suitable for cultivating wheat and barley crops. Using the analytical hierarchy process method and experts' opinions led to high accuracy results.
Results and Discussion
The results of the land suitability map showed that 90.6% of the agricultural lands in the study area are very suitable and relatively suitable for the cultivation of the wheat crop. The northern and eastern regions, located in Falavarjan county and the north part of Mobarakeh county, are the most suitable areas for wheat cultivation. As we move from the north and east to the west of the study area, the capability areas for wheat cultivation decrease. Limiting factors in these areas are unsuitable soil texture, low temperature, shallow soil, high slope, low rainfall and drainage.
As for barley cultivation, a large part of the area, equal to 30635.3 hectares (more than 91%), is very suitable and relatively suitable. In these areas, in the northern and eastern parts of Lenjanat, unsuitable soil texture, shallow soil, high slope and low drainage are the most critical limiting factors for barley cultivation.
A comparison of "spatial distribution of land suitability" with "spatial distribution of cropping pattern" shows that the crops in this study (wheat and barley) have been cultivated in a suitable area in terms of the ecological potential of lands.
Conclusion
The results of this evaluation can be used in the spatial distribution of the optimal cropping pattern to select a suitable cultivation site for these two crops and other existing and alternative crops.
Wheat and barley are the major crops usually used in planning optimal cropping patterns, regardless of the economic issues. Considering suitable spatial distribution for wheat and barley, they should be distributed in such a way with the slightest difference compared to the current cropping pattern. On the other hand, a large area of the Lenjanat region is suitable for cultivating wheat and barley. In addition, an agricultural unit may have different capacities for other crops, so it is necessary to pay attention to the ecological potential of other crops. Wheat and barley should be cultivated in lands which are unsuitable or semi-suitable for other crops.
Accordingly, it is necessary to provide spatial zoning of existing and alternative crops in the Lenjanat area with fewer water requirements and higher economic benefits to be introduced in the optimal cropping pattern.
In this study, only agronomic-ecological criteria and needs with available data were examined due to data limitations in assessing crop suitability. Therefore, completing land suitability maps by considering more evaluation criteria such as evapotranspiration and the amount of water available is recommended.
Also, to have a "spatial distribution of the optimal cropping pattern", paying attention to the ecological potential of the lands, also considering other criteria and priorities such as natural, socio-cultural, economic and political criteria is necessary. So, we can develop a cropping pattern that provides a basis for desirable space dynamics.
Keywords: Spatial Zoning, Optimal Cropping Pattern, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making, Simple Additive Weighting, Lenjanat.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2023/12/27 | Accepted: 2023/09/23 | Published: 2023/09/23
Received: 2023/12/27 | Accepted: 2023/09/23 | Published: 2023/09/23
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41. Wang, D.C.; C.J. Li; X.Y. Song; J.H. Wang; X.D. Yang; W.J. Huang; J.Y.Wang, and J.H. Zhou. 2011. Assessment of land suitability potentials for selecting winter wheat cultivation areas in Beijing, China, using RS and GIS. Agricultural Sciences in China, 10(9): 1419-1330.
42. Bhagat, R.M.; S. Singh; C. Sood; R.S. Rana; V. Kalia; S. Pradash; W. Immerzeel, and B. Shrestha. 2009. Land suitability analysis for cereal production in Himachal Pradash (India) using Geographical Information System. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 37(2): 233-240.
43. Ceballos-Silva, A., and J. Lopez-Blanco. 2003. Delineation of suitable areas for crops using a Multi-Criteria Evaluation approach and land use/cover mapping: a case study in Central Mexico. Agricultural Systems, 77(2): 117-136.
44. Chen, H.S.; G. S Liu; Y.F Yang; X.F. Ye, and S.H.I. Zhou. 2010. Comprehensive evalution of tobacco ecological suitability of Henan province based on GIS. Agriculture science in chine. 9(4): 583-592.
45. Ghafari A.; H.F. Cook, and H.C. Lee. 2000. Integrating climate, soil and crop information: a land suitability study using GIS. In Proceeding of 4th International Conference on Integration GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4): Problems, Prospects and Research Needs, Banff, Alberta, Canada, September (pp. 2-8).
46. Hao, L.; X. Su; V.P.Singh, and O.O. Ayantobo. 2017. Spatial Optimization of Agricultural Land Use Based on Cross-Entropy Method. Entropy, 19(11): 592.
47. Khan, M. R.; C.A. De Bie; H. Van Keulen; E.M.A. Smaling, and R. Real. 2010. Disaggregating and mapping crop statistic using hypertemporal remote sensing. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 12(1): 36-46.
48. Martin, D., and S. K. Saha. 2009. Land evaluation by integrating remote sensing and GIS for cropping system analysis in a watershed. Current Science, 96(4):569-575.
49. Samanta, S.; B. Pal, and D.K. Pal. 2011. Land suitability analysis for rice cultivation based on multi-criteria decision approach through GIS. International Journal of Science and Emerging Technologies, 2(1): 12-20.
50. Sharifi, M.A., and M.V. Herwijnen .2002. Spatial Decision Support Systems, Lecture Series, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC).
51. Sys, C.; E. Van Ranst, J. Debaveye, and F. Beernaert. 1991. Land evaluation. Part I: Principles in land evaluation and crop production calculations. Agricultural Publications n° 7, General Administration for Development Cooperation (GADC), Brussels, Belgium.
52. Sys C., E. Van Ranst, J. Debaveye, and F. Beernaert. 1991. Land evaluation, Part II: Method in Land evaluation. Agricultural Publications n° 7, Administration for Development Cooperation (GADC), Brussels, Belgium.
53. Sys C., E. Van Ranst, and J. Debaveye and F. Beernaert. 1993. Land evaluation, Part: III, Crop Requirement. Agricultural Publications n° 7, Administration for Development Cooperation (GADC), Brussels, Belgium, 191 p.
54. Wang, D.C.; C.J. Li; X.Y. Song; J.H. Wang; X.D. Yang; W.J. Huang; J.Y.Wang, and J.H. Zhou. 2011. Assessment of land suitability potentials for selecting winter wheat cultivation areas in Beijing, China, using RS and GIS. Agricultural Sciences in China, 10(9): 1419-1330.
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