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Taking individuals' cognitive abilities into consideration can play an important role in the initial stages of learning motor skills. So, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cognitive functions on feedback request strategy and learning of a perceptual motor task. A number of 60 university male students with a mean age of 22/4 years (SD = 1/99) were selected through convenience sampling and were assigned to 6 groups according to their intelligence quotient, memory quotient and attention scores. All participants performed 100 badminton long services during the practice phase, and 20 services, during the retention and transfer phases. Wechsler Revised Intelligence Test, Wechsler memory scale, Toulouse and Pieron Test, and Scott and Fax Badminton Long Service were used to collect the data on intelligence quotient, memory quotient, attention, and badminton long service performance, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and Independent t-test (α=0/05) were used to analyze the collected data. The analyses demonstrated that intelligence quotient, memory quotient, and attention had a significant effect on decreasing feedback request frequency during the acquisition phase, and increasing badminton long service scores during the acquisition, retention and transfer phases. Therefore, it can be concluded that bearing individuals' cognitive abilities in mind during motor skills training can be beneficial.

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The participation of spectators– including both men and women- in sport stadiums and their profitability is one of the new experiences in the world of sports . A significant proportion of Persepolis and Esteghlal fans are women; so, providing conditions for women's loyalty to these teams can help in some decisions on fans management.One of the reasons for  loyalty of fans may be the team's quality. In this study, attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of Persepolis and Esteghlal fans was predicted by quality of teams. For this purpose, 395 cases were randomly selected from female students who were the fans of Esteghlal and Persepolis teams from 20 universities in Tehran using Morgan table. They completed Zhang's quality of team questionnaire (1997) and Mahoney’s fans psychological commitment questionnaire (2000). The results indicated significant and direct relationship between team’s quality and fans attitudinal loyalty (r = 0.449, p <0.01). Also, quality of team explained about 20% of change in fans’ attitudinal loyalty (  According to results, attitudinal loyal of fans was impressed by the quality of team. Then, employing famous players and coaches, providing attractive games, and things like that, female fans may be more loyal.

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This study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence with sport Orientation of Male athletes of Confrontational fields and non_ Confrontational. the method of research is Descriptive-survey and population of the study, 200 participants of Confrontational fields (handball, futsal, basketball, karate, kung fu) and non_ Confrontational (table tennis, chess, swimming, volleyball, gymnastics) of Sanandaj that was randomly selected. Participants of both emotional intelligence questionnaire of Lan et al. (2009) and McGill’s questionnaire and Dieter’s (1998) they were completed. And using Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression tests and Fisher's z at a significance level (level 05 / 0≥p) were analyzed. The result of Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between emotional intelligence and athletic component of orientation and non-orientation is existing. Also the relationship between emotional intelligence and sport orientation in Confrontational and non_ Confrontational fields is not significant defenses. According to the results of study for achievement of Confrontational and non_ Confrontational athletes, sports equipment recommended.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected psychological interventions on reducing the competitive State anxiety of athletes of Kermanshah .Current study was semi- experimental with pre-test and post-test and random replacement.90 people were selected by accessible sampling in two experimental and control groups. The educational package was performed through 12 ninety-minutes sessions on the experimental group. Information collecting tool was Competitive State Anxiety Inventory. statistical analysis was descriptive statistics and analysis of mancova whit using SPSS 22 program.Covariance showed that psychological interventions has reduced competitive State anxiety of experimental group athletes(p<0/000,cognitive state anxiety f=195/353 ,p<0/000,somatic state anxiety f=31/940 ,p<0/000,self steem f=128/740). In all, performance of psychological interventions is effective on reducing competitive state anxiety in athletes.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between decision making styles of volleyball coaches and players burnout of the Iranian Premier League. This applied research and the population as census and correlation with statistical sample included 240 male and female players (100 females and 140 males) and 40 coach and head coach of men's and women's teams firms Iran volleyball in the Premier League was in 2012 - 2013. The instruments were Scott and Bruce (1995) decision making styles standard questionnaire and Raedeke and Smith (2001) Athlete burnout standard questionnaire. Reliability of them was approved by Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, correlation, stepwise regression and t-test were used. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between decision making styles of coaches (rational, intuitive, impulsive, avoidant and dependent) and athlete burnout (emotional exhaustion, diminished performance, and apathy). Also, the rational, dependent, spontaneous and avoidant decision making styles, totally, explain 61% of volleyball player’s burnout.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mental training compared with physical training on on foot joints and accuracy of instep penalty kick in soccer. Method research was a quasi-experimental. 33 male students of Mazandaran University organized in three groups (physical training group, mental training group and control group). After pre-test, mental and physical training groups did their practices and then participated in post-test. Kinematic data were recorded with a camera (JVC, 200HZ), and each penalty score was considered as an indicator of accuracy. Lower extremity joints (hip, knee and ankle) angle in sagittal plane and ball to foot velocity index were calculated with MATLAB2010 software. To find differences, ANOVA and tukey test was done with SPSS18 (α=0.05). Range of motion of hip and ankle joints had positive significant effect with accuracy (r=0.415 and r=0.562 respectively), but there was no significant effect between knee range of motion and accuracy. Regard to this research, we could propose to soccer trainers both practice manners depend on their conditions.

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The purpose of this study was to survey the impact of organizational citizenship behavior on the customer-oriented in sport facilities in Shahrekord. The research method was descriptive, correlational that the survey was carried out. The study population included all employees of public and private sports facilities were Shahrekord. Measuring instruments included OCB questionnaire Paul and Mngvk (2002) and Customer oriented questionnaire Hajjat(2002)were that After ensuring the validity and reliability approved by the Confirmatory factor analysis of the samples investigated were distributed. In order to determine causal relationships and modeling, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. Based on the results of structural equation modeling, Citizenship behavior variable rate (0/34) a significantly positive effect on customer orientation. It was also observed that a significantly positive effect of OCB (0/21) on the customer's needs. While non-significant positive effect (0/13) on the customer's delight. Hence to encourage direct customer orientation the need knowledge of the requirements of the Customer and about the variable citizenship behavior by focusing on the behavior of consciousness, consciousness and altruism can expect that customer surface growth was better.

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The porpuse of current study was to "investigate sportspersonship of Premier League Handball Players". The kind of this study was descriptive-correlative that based on the covariance matrix factor analysis conducted.The statistical population was consisted of all male professional handball players of premier league (1391-1392), that 95 person were selected as statistical sample. Also to collecting data, Knortz (2009) sportspersonship's questionnaire (MSOS) was used. Regarding to the normal distribution of data (P>0/05), the results showed that the difference between the average of observed rates in the 5 components of One's Full Commitment toward Sport Participation ( = 4/21), Respect for Social Conventions ( = 3/83) Respect for the Rules and the Officials ( = 3/84), Respect and Concern for the Opponent ( = 3/28), and the Negative Approach toward the Practice of  Sport ( = 2/89) is significant. Findings showed that the sportspersonship has a valuable place among handball players of the Premier League. Since during a competition, the athlete alongside her or his teammates trying to behave according to the style adopted by the team and his or her teammates, high-contact team sports (like handball) in comparison with other team sports (like volleyball) has a lower level of sportspersonship and this subject make clear the importance of measuring the sportspersonship's capabilities of handball players.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of motor and cognitive dual-task training on dynamic balance of elderly women. For this purpose, 27 old women (aged 60 -82 years) from the old people center of Birjand city were selected randomly and divided into 3 groupd based on their TUG scores. The groups comprised of cognitive dual-task training, motor dual-task training and control. Two experimental groups received their specific interventions for 4 weeks, 3 times a week and 45-min each session. The motor and cognitive dual-task groups performed some motor or cognitive tasks respectively, concurrent with the balance training. For data analysis, mixed ANOVA (3*2) with repeated measures were used. It was found that both motor and cognitive dual-task training methods had significant improvement in dynamic balance of elderly women (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between these two methods (p>0/05). Therefore, dual-task balance training, either motor or cognitive methods can improve the allocation of the attention into the concurrent tasks and consequently improve balance and decrease the rate of falling in old women.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of core stabilization training on balance and reaction time in children with developmental coordination disorder. This was a semi-experimental study. Twenty children recognized for DCD, age range 6 to 12 years old were recruited form DCD children rehabilitation center in Tehran and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Continuous Performance Test, Standing Stroke Test, and Y Balance Test were used to measure reaction time and statics and dynamic balance of participants, respectively. After the pretest, the experimental group performed the specific Core Stabilization Training protocol for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 45 minutes per session. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the reaction time, dynamic and static balance were significantly improved in experimental group in comparison to control group. The results of this study indicated that in order to upgrade the level of motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder, in addition to the general physical activity programs, specific core stabilization training that includes exercises to improve balance and reaction time is recommended.

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Volunteer Movement and deliver services to society is phenomenons of  coeval universe.The aim of this research work was to present a pattern for Iran`s sports volunteer absorbance management information system requirement analysis. This investigation was of descriptive-analytic sort and in regard for practical goal, it was type of (UML) methodology and it used object-oriented design model (RUP). The questionnaire implements were prepared.The statistic-population consisted:All youth and sports ministry deputies, directors of all staffs All presidents, vice presidents and professors of Iran`s sports federations.Census method was opted for sampling. Validity of the survey was confirmed by sports management professors and software science professors. Reliability of questionaire was obtained by Brown-Spearman 87/ split-half experiment and Cronbach`s alpha ratio calculation 72/.Findings showed: sports volunteer absorbance management information system requirement was presented which contained: human resource, planning, registration and acceptance, introduction, financial and support, education and advocating, reward and retrain. Iran`s candidate stakeholders were identified and eventually requirement analysis pattern was presented. Identification of information needs is the basis of voluntary information system management, because if the knowledge of the system is not well done, effective interaction between the volunteers and the information system management will not come about. For this reason, the basis for the analysis of the requirements of the information management system of sports volunteers is the identification of information needs.

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The purpose of this research was to formulate and prioritize Foolad Mahan club strategies based on a comprehensive strategy model. The method of This study was applied- descriptive and because of the limited statistical population with size 76, the population census was used. Survey instruments were library studies, open and closed questionnaires with qualitative interviews and strategic meetings. Required data were obtained by comparative studies, examination of the existing documents, upstream laws and regulations, previous programs club and feedback from stakeholders and experts. 5 strengths, 6 weaknesses,6 opportunities and 4 threats were resulted from the strategic council meetings club. Also the results for Internal factors and external factors were 23/2 and 62/2 consequently. So, the club was placed in the position of conservative strategies. Finally, by all strategies in table SWOT, 11 strategies were formulated which placed in matrix QSPM. It was clear that the most important club strategies were development revenue and income sources club, development of club branches as well as capacity development, and optimal use of the cooperation of national and provincial institutions.

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The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and initial validation of a measure for assessing the athletes perceptions of coaches’ behaviors that promote fairplay behaviors. A three-step procedure was undertaken to develop the questionnaire. In the initial step, the literature review provided theoretical and empirical perspectives on how youth sport coaches can influence athletes’ fairplay behaviors. In step 2, a pool of 191 items worded and content validity was assessed. In the final step, 252 teenage male athletes (age range 14-19; mean age =15.88±1.34 years) who were participating in a variety of team sports (i.e., volleyball, basketball, soccer, futsal) completed a revised 164-item questionnaire. Principal components analyses further reduced the number of items to 30 and suggested a four-factor structure (i.e., modeling, instruction, pressure, and dialogue dimensions). The results revealed that the final 30-item version of the Coaching Fairplay Behaviors Inventory possesses a good psychometric basis with adequate internal consistency and which explain 57.80% of the total variance. Collectively, this study provides a new valid and reliable instrument for assessing the specific mechanisms by which coaches promote fairplay behaviors among teenagers, although more investigations are needed to validate this tool.

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The purpose of this research was the explanting effective factors model in institutionalization of sport for all in Iran. The research method was mixed method in type of exploratory. The statistical population in part of factors recognition was composed of all specialists in sport for all and institutionalization and in part of design and testing of model, statistical population was composed of all managers and experts responsible for sport for all that research sample was selected with census method. (306 person) Measurement tool was a questionnaire compiled by the researcher which its validity was investigated by study of theoretical basis and surveys of 10 professors and experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0/91 was calculated. The research results revealed the research model have four dimensions include individual, group, organizational and environmental with 28 factors. The proportionality indices of research model were at an acceptable level, that is, research model had a good proportionality and factor structure of it was acceptable. Finally, results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis showed the most important dimension in institutionalization of sport for all in Iran was organizational dimension (0/93, t = 7/34) and afterwards were group (0/82, t = 7/46), environmental (0/70, t = 6/34) and individual dimension (0/65, t = 7/31). The most important factor in organizational dimension was human resources (0/67, t = 6/91), in group dimension was the reference groups (0/65, t = 7/37), in environmental dimension was the economic, cultural and geographical environment (0/59, t = 6/08, 6/04, 6/05) and finally, in individual dimension, belief and attitude (0/75, t = 9/78) was most important factor.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of weight transfer training on static and dynamic balance of older women. 20 accessible subjects that met our criteria divided randomly into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group trained for 6 weeks, 3 times a week and each session 60 minutes a day. Biodex balance system used for training and testing procedures. Data analysis used by repeated measure ANOVA showed significant main effects and interaction for dynamic balance parameters  including overall dynamic balance, anterioposterior dynamic balance and mediolateral dynamic balance) .Intrasubject analysis using t test indicated weight transfer balance training, compared to static balance, improved significantly dynamic balance parameters. The dynamic balance improvement following weight transfer training mat resulted from its effectiveness on sensory and motor systems involved in the dynamic balance of older women.

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This study aimed to evaluate the direct and interactive effects of socioeconomic status and birth weight on Tehran children motor proficiency. : The present study was a cross-sectional research which conducted in April and May of 2016 and the study population included 4/5 to 6-year-old boys and girls with very low and normal birth weight from 2 and 19 districts of Tehran city that from which 132 children were selected through a  convenience sampling. In this research we used socioeconomic status questionnaire and Bruininks-Oseretsky -2 test.  obtained data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The results showed that motor proficiency in children with very low birth weight was lower than those with normal birth weight (P <0/001), and in terms of effect of socioeconomic status, results showed that motor proficiency of children with low socioeconomic status was lower than those with high socio-economic status (P <0/001) and there wasn’t any significant relationship between effect of weight on motor proficiency with effect of SES on motor proficiency (Interactive effects )(P = 0/633). Results of the study showed that high socio-economic status had the capability of adjustment the negative effects of low birth weight on motor development. But it couldn't has a meaningful reparative effect. Thus the emphasis on the role of socioeconomic status on health of children with very low and normal birth weight is important. Also doing intervention such as improving the quality of environmental stimuli and taking care of pregnant mothers and also awareness for prevention of birth of low weight children must be considered in applied programs.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the status of quality management in basic and medalist federations of Iran based on EFQM-AHP Approach. Thus descriptive- survey method was conducted in two steps. First the EFQM criteria was prioritized and weighted based on paired-comparison questionnaire (AHP) through top managers of federations and then the standard self-assessment questionnaire of organizational excellence that was valid and reliable, distributed between samples (150 p) to evaluate the quality management and excellence of federations. Result of AHP showed that orderly key performance results, strategy, leadership, costumer’s results, people results, partnership and resources, society results, processes and people had high priorities and result of self-assessment showed that swimming, shooting, gymnastic, rowing, athletics and boxing federations had highest excellence orderly. The results show that implementation the quality management approaches based on recommendation of excellence model or other similar models is inevitable and could predict the succession in international events.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of concurrent cognitive tasks activating phonological loop and visuospatial scratchpad of working memory on gait in older adults.12 older adults with the age range of 65-70 years performed walking trials in 3 counterbalanced testing conditions including single walking, walking while performing visuospatial task and walking while performing phonological task. Walking trials were recorded by Motion Analysis system during the test session. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze the gait parameters. The findings indicated a significant difference between 3 testing conditions in step time, cadence, acceleration amplitude variability and step width. The results also showed that in dual task condition, visuospatial scratchpad activation interferes with elderly gait more so than the phonological loop activation. Therefore, it seems that visuospatial scratchpad component of working memory might be specifically used for planning and carrying out gait as a motor task.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of motivation on the rate of participation elders in sport for all. The research methodology was correlative descriptive and was done by field study. The population was all male and female elders of Ahwaz; the number of whom was 49.558 based on 1385 census. The sample was chosen randomly 380 individuals. Measurement tools were individual characteristics questionnaire, and adjusted sports participation motivation questionnaire including 35 questions in the form of 6 small scales. Validity was calculated as kmo = 91% by sampling adequacy and reliability was calculated as 93% by chronbach's alpha. Data analysis was carried out by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the most physical activities of elders were 1- 2 hours per week. Also, e enjoys and vitality for men and joy and health and fitness for women were the most important motivates for sport participation. There was a significant relationship between incentives for prevention and treatment, mental health and health and fitness and participation in communal sport. The results of multiple regressions showed that only health and fitness variable can predict participation rate in communal sport.