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In recent years by technology development and changes in lifestyles of
communities, adventure sports as a new field of sport is growing in a rapid rate and
attracted fans in different communities. Importance of leisure time and sport
tourism makes this issue an importante area for scientific research. Thus, the
purpose of this study is to investigate the barriers and solutions of adventure sports
development in Sanandaj city. The descriptive survey methodology would be
applied based upon the case study. Statistical sample due to volume of population
was equal to target population(n=N=39). SWOT analysis to investigating the
internal (strength & weakness) and external (opportunity & threats) factors use to
analyze strategic position. To collect the data, library resources, literature and
background review, interviews and questionnaires was used. The Final score of
evaluate internal factors (2.698) and external factors (2.554) matrices locate
Sanandaj city in SO strategies. Thus, it is recommended to focus on aggressive
development strategy.

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According to Specificity of practice hypothesis, availability of visual information
specially during performing tasks witch vision has an important role in improving
the accuracy, causes further performance decrements in No-vision transfer test.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of vision and amount
of practice on accuracy and kinematic of dart throwing. 20 female students of righthanded
who were all novitiate in the skill selected voluntarily and randomly
assigned to full vision and No-vision groups.The subjects following participated in
pretest, performed acquisition phase that consisted two level of modest and
extensive practice (45 trials and 300 trials). 10 minutes after each level of practice,
participants completed transfer trials in a no-vision and no-KR condition. Overall,
Mixed ANOVA (2×3) in acquisition phase revealed that vision improved Dart
throwing accuracy performance. Kinematic analysis revealed no significant
difference between two groups in Wrist flexion, Angular displacement of elbow and
Angular displacement of shoulder. Whereas after 300 trials of practice, there was
significant difference between groups in throwing time and angular velocity of the
dart. After extensive practice, Mixed ANOVA (2×2) showed that, withdrawal of
vision resulted in specificity of practice effects on dart throwing accuracy, but
results of kinematic pattern, regardless of the amount of practice did not support
specificity of practice.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between passion to
physical activity and life satisfaction in male students. 383 male students were
chosen through cluster sampling among various schools in Tabriz and completed
passion scale (Vallerand, et al. 2003), and multidimensional life satisfaction scale
for students (MSLSS, 2001). T-test and Pearson correlation test was used for data
analysis. Results showed that students with Harmonious Passion to physical
activity have higher levels of satisfaction with their family, life environment, school
and friends than students with obsessive passion. The results also showed
obsessive students have a higher level of satisfaction in self subscale compared
with Harmonious students. In general life Satisfaction, the results showed that
Harmonious students have more satisfied than the obsessive students. The results
showed there is a significant relationship between life satisfaction and Harmonious
passion, but not in Obsessive passion. Overall, the results supports the Dualistic
Model of Passion (DMP) (Vallerand, 2003).

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The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of sport orientation on sport
commitment in Women's Football Pro League of Iran. Research method of this
study is correlation. The population of this study consists of all women football
players presented in 2th course of match in women football pro league. The
sample size of the research is equal to the population size (200 players). The
instrument for data collecting consists of Gill and Deeter (1988) sport orientation
questionnaire (with 6 items), and Scanlon (1993) sport commitment questionnaire
(with 14 item). Validity of questionnaires have been estimated and approved by
Ramezan Nezhad (1384) and Fathi (1390) in their researches. In this research,
validity of questionnaires was estimated by 10 professional sport management
professors, too, and the reliability of the questionnaires were calculated by
Choronbachs alpha coefficient (sport orientation alpha=0.90, sport commitment
alpha=0.86). In order to verify the normality of data distribution, the Kolmogorov-
Smirnov test was used. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential tests
such as Pearson correlation and simple regression. Result showed that sport
orientation has a positive and significant effect on sport commitment.

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Today, Organizational culture has an important role in implementation of
Knowledge management. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to predict of
knowledge management through organizational culture in sports organizations.
The Statistical popularly was all managers of National Olympic committee, National
Paralympics committee, National Olympic Academy, and Sport Federations
(N=225). Base on Morgan table, 421 people were selected to this research with
random stratified sampling method.
Probst & et al. (2000) knowledge management questionnaire and Edwin (2006)
organizational culture questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was
performed by the linear and multiple regression.The results of present study
showed there was significant relationship between knowledge management and
organizational culture (p<0.05). Organizational culture had predicted the
knowledge management. Also, organizational flexibility, organizational compatibility
and organizational participation had the most significant prediction with Knowledge
management. With regard to these results, notice to organizational culture in work
place by sport managers can as an effective factor for enhancement of knowledge
managment.

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The study of work ethics and job satisfaction have gained great significance
following the failures of major corporations and the West’s crisis. The purpose of
research was to analyze the relationship between work ethics and satisfaction
events volunteers in sport. The method that applied in research was descriptivecorrelation.
The research statistic population consists of all volunteers participating
in twelfth sport-cultural Olympiad of male and female students of universities all
around the country.133 persons were evaluated as the sample of the research. For
collecting data, They completed two questionnaires work ethic of Petty(1990), and
satisfaction of volunteer experiences of Mallaei et al (1388). Face and content
validity of the questionnaires were approved by experts. Reliability of the
questionnaire work ethic (Cronbach's alpha) and satisfaction of volunteer
experiences was α=0.82 and α=0.92, respectively. The results of the Pearson
correlation showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between
work ethic and Satisfaction Volunteers. The stepwise regression analysis showed
two aspects of work ethic (healthy relations and diligence at work) had positive and
significant role in anticipation the satisfaction of volunteers (p≤ 0/01). it is
recommended to athletic directors to increase satisfaction in sport volunteers by
providing ethic codes and developing work ethic principles

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Women sport have been developed, but it seems that sport coaches confronted with some problems. The purpose of this study was to survey the women sport coaches problems. The statistical population was women sport coaches that working with Arak sport bodies. The statistical sample consisted of 76 coaches. Data were collected by researcher-made questionnaire which its content and face validity was confirmed by 10 faculty members and experts of sport management. Factor analysis was used to construct validity of questionnaire. Coronbachs alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of questionnaire (α = 0.85). Friedman test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the participants have been confronted with some problems on areas such as sport organizations, sport spaces, athletes, personal, media, and other coaches that influence on their coaching. Solving these problems can help coaches so they perform their key duties and help to women sport development

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When an athlete experiences a failure or a success naturally think about its reason(s) and actually search the responsible for the situation. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive - correlational study was surveying attribution and motivation styles of elite and sub-elite female athletes in individual sports. The statistical population was female athletes in swimming, badminton, karate, taekwondo, table tennis and archery sport teams from which 120 samples selected availably. Data collected with the Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and Sport Motivation Scale (SMS).Data was collected and analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Pearson correlation coefficient test at a significance level of 0.05.  The results showed that elite and sub-elite athletes' attribution style was different significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Also, there were not significant differences between amotivation levels of elite and sub-elite athletes (P ≥ 0.05). Results indicated that there were no relationship between elite and sub-elite athletes' attribution and motivation styles (P ≥ 0.05). Overall, it can be concluded that there were significant differences between elite and sub-elite athletes' attribution styles and motivation levels, (except amotivation) and not significant relationship between attribution styles and motivation levels in this two women group participating in individual sport.

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The aim of this study was to examine of the factorial structure of the Self- Regulation Questionnaire in college physical education class (SRQ-PE). 277 students were selected by cluster random sampling in Urmia universities. The results of confirmatory factor analysis determined 5-factor model for the structure of the SRQ-PE with 71.03% of total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable goodness of fit indices for the data among students. Also, the significant positive relationship of intrinsic and identified regulation with PE-enjoyment and intention to continue of physical activity, confirmed the concurrent validity. The items for all sub-scales have a high internal consistency above of 0.75 of Cronbach's alpha. The findings suggest that SRQ-PE is a valid and reliable measurement for assessing the motivational self-regulation in college PE class. As a conclusion, the results demonstrate the importance of developing self-determination in PE, as it is associated with desirable behavioural outcomes.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of motivational covert and overt self-talk on basketball free throw skill learning in adults. 60 students of Gorgan Islamic Azad University based on pretest scores randomly assigned in three equal groups (n₁=n₂=n₃₌20). Participants in motivational covert and overt self-talk conducted basketball shooting skill acquisition in 12 sessions (each session 30 throws) with repeating “I Can” slow and loud respectively before of each throw. The transfer and retention tests were held respectively 24 and 48 hours after the last session of acquisition. Repeated measures and one-way ANOVA were run to analyze the data and LSD post hoc test was used to compare groups. Significance level for all statistical tests was set at p<0.05. Results revealed that the effect of practice sessions (p≤0.05), group (p≤0.05) and practice sessions × group (F_(10.12,57)=5.84,p≤0.05) was significant (p<0.05). Results showed that motivational covert and overt self-talk in acquisition, transfer and retention tests was better than control group. But comparison between covert and overt self-talk was not significant (p>0.05). The results of this study indicate that motivational overt and covert self-talk is useful for learning relatively complex tasks.

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Tools and methods that could lead to the recognition and motion analysis variables are helpful in understanding the movements and movement Sciences and It will be a vital part of movement and sport sciences laboratories. "Human motion analysis instrument based on joints angles in sagittal plane" was designed to provide information about the motion analysis that offers to researchers, educators and therapists. Once the instrument has been built according to the design of specialized electronic and mechanical engineers, tested until the fourth final design was made and it was registered on 21.05.1393 with number 83557. To check the validity, with using of motion analysis system with optoelectronic cameras and the instrument, 20 participants (10 males and 10 females) were asked to perform a throwing task. The root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation in the statistical 0.01 were used to assess the reliability and validity. The results indicate that the instrument is made applicable and appropriate validity and reliability so that the validity: 0.98 and reliability: 0.95 was reported.

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The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize barriers to sponsorship of private sponsorship of sport of champions in Kerman province. The research method was survey and Based on applied objective. The statistical population included top managers of private firms in Kerman province (N =150) Which 108 companies were selected with simple random sampling. The required data were collected by using researcher made questionnaire. Face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 experts in sports management and content validity was calculated based on Lawshe model CVI=0.92. In order to identify the factors and assess the construct validity, exploratory factor analysis method was used. Internal reliability was obtained with Cronbach Alpha α=0.82. To analyze the data one sample t test and ANOVA test were used. Results of factor analysis showed that 57% of the total variance was related to four factors: One-sample t test results showed that there  were significant differences between all of the barriers with score criteria. Also results of ranking of barriers showed that the factor of legal-government is the most important factor inhibitor with an average of 3.76 and sports management was minimum repressor factor in the lack of financial support private companies of sport of champions with an average of 3.68. Therefore Codification of legislation and regulations for the sponsors is very important to eliminate the barriers of their participation in the sport of champions.

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The purpose of this study was to determine Psychometric aspects of the Persian version of Infant Movement Motivation Questionnaire (IMMQ) for infants of 3 to 11 months. In this regard, 528 parents and their infants (239 girls and 289 boys) in Tehran were selected as samples through the method of random cluster sampling. For this purpose, first by using a translation - re translation method, IMMQ was translated into Persian by 3 motor behavior experts and 2 English teaching specialists. Confirmatory and Exploratory factor analysis was used for the validation of questionnaire structure; Cronbach alpha coefficient was computed for internal consistency of questionnaire. Also, intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to evaluate the temporal reliability of items. The results of Confirmatory and Exploratory factor analysis showed that IMMQ is multifactorial; so that, in total, four factors consisting activity, exploration, motivation and adaptability can explain % 53/32 of the total variance. Moreover, the fit indexes of the extracted model (PGFI = 0.71, NFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.078) were favorable and acceptable. Also, Cronbach alpha coefficient (α = 0/93) and intra-class correlation coefficient (r = 0.88) of the Persian version of IMMQ with 27 questions the like of original version, had acceptable internal consistency and temporal reliability. So the results showed that the Persian version of IMMQ can be used for clinical or research purposes as well as an educational tool for parents.

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The purpose of the present study was to explain the relationship between brand personality dimensions and customers’ loyalty to sport brands in Rasht.  The method of present survey was descriptive and applied, also the statistical population was loyal customers to sport brands in Rasht.  In order to data collection two questionnaires; Geuens & Wulf (2009) for measuring brand personality dimensions and Lau et all (2006) that investigated customers loyalty to sportswear in Hong Kong, after determining the validity and reliability was confirmed by using Cronbach’s alpha (0.7); were used. The results of Linear Regression of 407 loyal customers were shown there were positive and negative significant relationships between brand personality dimensions (Activity, Aggressiveness, Responsibility, Emotionality and Simplicity) and customers loyalty components to sport brands (Brand name, Service quality, Store environment, Product quality, Promotion, Price and Style). Some of these results are as below: activity dimension and brand name factor; activity and aggressiveness dimensions and service quality factor; activity, simplicity and responsibility dimensions and store environment factor; activity, aggressiveness and responsibility dimensions and product quality factor. There were also some negative ones between simplicity dimension and product quality and style factors. The result of Friedman test revealed that product quality, style, brand name, promotion, price, store environment and service quality were the most fundamental and crucial factors for the customers’ loyalty respectively. Regarding to the findings attention to customers’ demands and needs significantly has effect on performance improvement and local produced Sport brand’s success to attracting the customers and making them loyal in order to achieving more market share in comparison with competitors in international markets.

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the purpose of this study was the comparison effect implementation methods physical activity outside of class on the physical fitness of 15 y. boy students. method of study was quasi experimental and statitical population of that includes all of the 15 y. boy students of  maraghe city(n=2865). sample of study was 80 pepole who were selected of sample available and then randomly in four groups of 20 people called as experimental group 1, the method on based students self-supervision, experimental group 2, the method on based parentals supervision, experimental group 3, the method on based physical education teachers supervision and controll group that were homogenous. at first a pretest was done from the four groups by pull up test, sit and rich test, sit up test, 540 meter running test. implementation methods physical activity outside of class were done on groups for 8 weeks and then a post test was done from four groups. for statistical analysis of multivariate analysis of variance was used for comparison mean between groups.The results showed that the method of enforcement activity outside of class fitness factors of boy students, there are significant differences ( p≤0/05).however, The results showed that the method on based physical education teachers supervision had a  more impact on physical  fitness  related to health.

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The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the level of anxiety experienced by Iranian football referees, and to predict the level of referees’ competitive anxiety according to their self-consciousness and coping styles. One hundred thirteen male football referees voluntarily completed a demographic questionnaire, Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS; Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975), and referring-modified versions of the Sports Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT; Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990) and the Coping Style Inventory for Athletes (CSIA; Anshel & Kaissidis, 1997). Results indicated that the referees tolerated low levels of anxiety in a contest (14.19 ± 3.54). It has revealed that in the face of a stressful event, strategies of avoidance rather than approach are usually used by the referees. The results showed that avoidance coping style and private, public, and social self-consciousness are significantly correlated with the referees’ competitive anxiety. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the best predictors of referees’ anxiety were private self-consciousness and avoidance coping style that together accounted for 25% of the explained variance. Results indicate that the competitive anxiety of referees may affect by their self-conscious and coping styles in competitive settings.

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The study of work ethics and job satisfaction have gained great significance following the failures of major corporations and the West’s crisis. The purpose of research was to analyze the relationship between work ethics and  satisfaction events volunteers in sport. The method that applied in research was descriptive-correlation. The research statistic population consists of all volunteers participating in twelfth sport-cultural Olympiad of male and female students of universities all around the country.133 persons were evaluated as the sample of the research. For collecting data, They completed two questionnaires work ethic of Petty(1990), and satisfaction of volunteer experiences of Mallaei et al (1388). Face and content validity of the questionnaires were approved by experts. Reliability of the questionnaire work ethic (Cronbach's alpha) and satisfaction of volunteer experiences was α=0.82 and α=0.92, respectively. The results of the Pearson correlation showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between work ethic and Satisfaction Volunteers. The stepwise regression analysis showed two aspects of work ethic (healthy relations and diligence at work) had positive and significant role in anticipation the satisfaction of volunteers (p≤ 0/01). it is recommended to athletic directors to increase satisfaction in sport volunteers by providing ethic codes and developing work ethic principles.

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The current research aims to compare the effect of basic gymnastic exercises in environments with different colors, on static and dynamic balance. Participants were 40 female students ranging in age from 8 to 10 years, who were classified into three groups: "exercise in the environment with warm colors", "exercise in the environment with cool colors" and "exercise in the environment with compound colors". A pre-test of balance was given to each group in its colored environment. Static and dynamic balance were assessed using the balance subscale of bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency. Then the groups have performed gymnastic exercises in colored environments for 24 sessions, and after 8 weeks, they took the post-test in the same environment. The transfer test was performed in the environment with a neutral color, 48 hours after the post-test. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA tests. The findings showed that the color of the environment had had no effects on the learning and retention of static and dynamic balance.it seems that, the color of learning environment related to type of motor skill.

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Individual constraints are of the factors that can effect on motor development. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motor proficiency with body mass index and nutritional status in healthy boys 10-14 years old in Tehran. Statistical sample was of 120 children for BMI and 90 children for nutritional status. body mass index groups, lean, normal, overweight and obese groups nutritional status to malnutrition, average feeding and Appropriate division Who were chosen by cluster purposeful and motor proficiency was assessed using the by BOT-2 test. The results showed that the between conditions BMI, lean and normal, normal and obese, overweight and obese, there is a significant difference in motor proficiency but in other cases, the difference was not significant. As well as between conditions of malnutrition and normal nutrition, normal nutrition and proper nutrition, proper nutrition and malnutrition, there is a significant difference in motor proficiency. According to this result, body mass index and nutritional status of children in this age affects motor proficiency, which may be different BMI groups in motor proficiency in geometry and mass of body parts, mechanical factors attributed and differences in nutritional status groups to the role of food items brain growth and physical development, he said.

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Physical education teachers are an essential component of Sports teaching in schools and as the founder exercise much influence on all the sports section of country, Recognition of professional competence necessary is their main purpose of this survey. This qualitative study and practices underlying theory (Grounded) was performed. The statistical population was included of elite physical education in schools and subjects was conducted by theoretical and snowball sampling. The tool of data collection was semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed from interviews to the underlying encryption method. Thus grouping codes revealed 50 components in four areas: emotional, skill, cognitive and behavioral. Emotional competence of interests and tendencies is essential for physical education teachers. competence of Professional Conduct visual behaviors by teachers for successful implementation of teaching physical education in schools, The cognitive competence, knowledge and mental skills is set in the identification and it will help teachers identify and analysis of issues related to education and Professional skills of teachers is concerned that part of the qualifications is the skills and abilities of teachers in the learning process.