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This study investigates the effects of terms of trade shocks and international reserves on the real effective exchange rate. For this purpose is used panel data technique and data related to 20 countries for 1980- 2008 period. Estimation results show that international reserves have buffer effect in terms of trade shocks and cause terms of trade shocks have less effect on real exchange rate. Of course this result confirms in developing countries, but don’t confirm in developed countries. In addition according to results, reserve effect in reduction terms of trade shocks effect in oil exporting countries is more than other countries. Also, according to estimations in this study, increase in financial development reduces buffer role of international reserves.

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In economic literature especially in international economic literature, the Harberger, Laursen and Metzler (HLM) effect is an important issue. According to HLM effect, deterioration in the terms of trade decreases GNP and then causes deterioration in the current account. The main idea of this study is the examination of HLM effect in Economy of Iran. We use annual data of current account, terms of trade and GNP as relevant variables. In this paper ARDL approach was applied for period (1978 -2010). The Banerjee, Dolado and Mastre and also Pessaran and shin cointegration test verified the equilibrium long run relation between our variables. In the other words the results of econometric estimation indicated a long run relationship between current account, terms of trade and GNP. According to these results, terms of trade and GNP have direct effects on current account.