fa آیا جنگ به انسان‌ها معنای زندگی می‌دهد؟ بررسی زیربنای روان‌شناختی پایان‌ناپذیری جنگ‌های بشری روانشناسی Psychology پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به گواهی تاریخ، انسان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها هیچگاه از جنگیدن با یکدیگر دست نکشیده</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">اند و این پایان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ناپذیری و ماندگاری جنگ</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها نمی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تواند فقط علت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های بیرونی (تهدید) داشته باشد بلکه علت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های درونی و روان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شناختی هم دارد و شناسایی این علت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها برای کاستن از جنگ</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها ضروری است. پژوهش کنونی با هدف شناسایی یکی از علت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های روان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شناختی پایان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ناپذیری جنگ</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های بشری فرض کرد که جنگ به انسان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها معنای زندگی می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">دهد و لذا انسان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها دوست ندارند به آن پایان دهند. با هدف آزمون این فرض، 397 آزمودنی (190 مرد) با میانگین سنی 35 سال از میان 30 هزار مشترک همراه اول و ایرانسل تهران و کرج برای این پژوهش به کار گرفته شدند. در یک طرح آزمایشی، آزمودنی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها به</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گونۀ تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش (که جنگ ایران و عراق در ذهن آنان برجسته شد) و گواه (که پیشرفت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های علمی ایرانیان در ذهن آنان برجسته شد) گمارده شدند و سپس معناسازی از جنگ</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها (متغیر میانجی) با آزمون تدسکی و کالهون (1996) و موافقت با نظامی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گرایی/ماندگاری جنگ (متغیر وابسته) با آزمون ویل و ماتیل (2010) اندازه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیری شد. تحلیل</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های واریانس نشان دادند که گروه آزمایش بیشتر از گروه گواه از جنگها معنا می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">سازد و با نظامی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گرایی/ماندگاری جنگ موافق است، و الگوسازی فرایند شرطی نشان داد که برجسته شدن جنگ در ذهن آزمودنی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها &laquo;از راه&raquo; معناسازی از جنگ</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها به موافقت با نظامی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گرایی/ماندگاری جنگ انجامیده است. پس انسان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها از جنگ معنای زندگی می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیرند و این یکی از علت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های پایان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ناپذیری جنگ</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">‌</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های بشری است.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div> <div> <table align="left" hspace="0" vspace="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0mm 12px; text-align: justify;" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">According to history, humans have never stopped fighting with each other and this endlessness and permanence of wars cannot have only external causes (threats) rather, it also has internal and psychological causes and identifying these causes is essential to reducing wars. The present study aimed to identify one of the psychological causes of the endlessness of human wars and assumed that war gives meaning to human life and therefore, humans do not like to end it. In order to test this hypothesis, 397 participants (190 males) with a mean age of 35 years were employed for this study among 30,000 subscribers of Hamrahe Aval and Irancell in Tehran and Karaj. In an experimental study, participants were randomly assigned to experimental group (which the Iran-Iraq war was highlighted in their minds) and control group (which the scientific advances of the Iranians were highlighted in their minds) and then meaning making from wars (mediating variable) was measured by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996) test and agreement with militarism/permanence of wars (dependent variable) was measured by Vail and Motyl (2010) test. ANOVAs showed that experimental group makes meaning from wars and agrees with militarism/permanence of wars more than control group, and conditional process modeling showed that the salience of war in the minds of the subjects has led to agreement with the militarism/permanence of war &quot;through&quot; the meaning making from wars. So, humans get the meaning of life from war, and this is one of the reasons why human wars are endless.</span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> جنگ, معنای زندگی, نظامی‌گرایی war, life meaning, militarism 1 17 http://jcp.khu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-717-11&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Ebrahim Ahmadi ابراهیم احمدی 10031947532846006580 10031947532846006580 Yes Department of Psychology, Buinzahra Branch, Islamic Azad University, Buinzahra, Iran گروه روان شناسی، واحد بویین زهرا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بویین زهرا، ایران