Cognitive Psychology Journal

Comparison of the effectiveness of schema therapy and transdiagnostic therapy on cognitive emotion regulation in adolescent boys with obsessive-compulsive disorder

afsaneh khajevand khoshli

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Transdiagnostic Treatment on cognitive emotion regulation among adolescent boys with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest, control group, and three-month follow-up. The statistical population consisted of 14- to 16-year-old adolescent boys diagnosed with OCD who were referred to psychological counseling centers and clinics (Rasta and Bavar) in Sari, Iran, during 2024–2025. From this population, 45 participants were selected using purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to three groups of 15 participants each. Data were collected using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) developed by Garnefski et al. (2006) and the Yale–Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) developed by Goodman et al. (1989). The first experimental group received Young’s Schema Therapy protocol (2006), whereas the second experimental group underwent Barlow et al.’s Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment protocol (2011). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). The findings indicated a significant difference between the Schema Therapy and Transdiagnostic Treatment groups in cognitive emotion regulation scores (p < .05), with Schema Therapy producing greater improvements in cognitive emotion regulation. Furthermore, the absence of significant differences between the posttest and follow-up assessments demonstrated the stability and maintenance of the treatment effects over time. Overall, the findings suggest that although both therapeutic approaches are effective in improving the psychological functioning of adolescent boys with OCD, Schema Therapy yields substantially greater improvements in cognitive emotion regulation than Transdiagnostic Treatment.

Trial of the Rehacom cognitive rehabilitation training program based on the comprehensive model of cognitive impairment in people with multiple sclerosis(M.S)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, the symptoms of which include a wide range of clinical symptoms, including cognitive impairment. In the present study, the effectiveness of the Rehacom rehabilitation training program based on the comprehensive model of cognitive impairment (based on the comprehensive model developed by Hazratty et al. 1403, which refers to four cognitive variables that are impaired in MS, namely: attention deficit, working memory, information processing, and fatigue, based on a systematic review) on improving cognitive impairments in people with MS was investigated. Method: This is a quantitative and applied research, and in terms of the design, it is an experimental research of the pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a follow-up after one month of the experimental group. After coordination with the Alborz MS Association, 30 people with MS were enrolled.The patients with relapsing-remitting type S were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Then, using research tools, a pre-test (PASAT, SDMT and FSS tests) was administered to both experimental and control groups, and the Rehacom training program protocol was set up in 8 sessions. These sessions were held weekly (two sessions per week) and each session lasted 40 to 60 minutes. During the sessions, training was given through Rehacom computer cognitive tasks to improve cognitive variables. Findings: The results of the study showed that the Rehacom rehabilitation training program was effective and it seems that these training sessions were effective in improving attention deficit, working memory, information processing and fatigue.And this improvement in post-test scores and then follow-up test results in the experimental group was stable after one month. Conclusion: Given the wide range of cognitive disorders and deficiencies caused by MS, a cognitive rehabilitation training program that can include the cognitive deficiency variables of the comprehensive model and improve these cognitive variables will greatly help MS patients. The Rehacom rehabilitation program was able to improve these deficiencies well during the training sessions and its results remained stable. The results of this study can attract the attention of researchers to planning cognitive treatments

The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on self-control in people with depressive symptoms referring to counseling centers

hasan mirzahosseini

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on self-control in people with depressive symptoms referring to counseling centers. The present research method was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of type of research, it was a semi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test and control group. The statistical population studied in this study included all people with depressive symptoms referring to counseling centers in Qom in 1404. The subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to an experimental group of 10 and a control group of 10. Initially, both groups responded to the research questionnaire (pre-test stage) and then for the first experimental group, an intervention program was implemented during the period of implementation of therapeutic interventions, which included 8 weekly sessions (cognitive-behavioral training) in groups for 60 minutes. The data collection tool was the self-control questionnaire of Tanji et al. (2004). SPSS version 27 software was used to analyze the questionnaire data, and the analyses were presented in two sections: descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, etc.) and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance test). Finally, it was concluded that cognitive-behavioral group therapy was effective on self-control in people with depressive symptoms referring to counseling centers.

Development of the relationship model of well-being, cognitive fusion and cognitive flexibility with the mediation of self-control in adolescents

maryam Mougouee

Aim of the study was to develop a model of the relationship between wellbeing, cognitive fusion, and cognitive flexibility, with selfcontrol as a mediating variable. Research was correlational type, included 383 students selected through a multistage cluster sampling method. questionnaires were the Mindfulness Questionnaire, cognitive fusion, psychological flexibility, selfcontrol. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation& structural equation modeling

The findings indicated relationship between mental wellbeing and its dimensions, cognitive flexibility, mediated by selfcontrol. Mental wellbeing through selfcontrol is related to cognitive fusion, and selfcontrol acts as a full mediator. Emotional wellbeing has relationship with cognitive fusion, and selfcontrol plays a full mediating role between social wellbeing, psychological well-being, and cognitive fusion

In conclusion, selfcontrol plays an important role in mental wellbeing, cognitive fusion, and cognitive flexibility among adolescents. Therefore, it is possible to support adolescents’ wellbeing, cognitive fusion, and cognitive flexibility through their selfcontrol

The Mediating Role of Alexithymia in the Relationship between Metacognitive Beliefs and Social Anxiety in Female University Students

Ruhollah Haddadi

Social anxiety is one of the most prevalent psychological problems during young adulthood, particularly among university students, and may adversely affect academic performance, interpersonal relationships, and mental health. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and social anxiety among female university students. This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 384 female students enrolled at the Tehran West Branch of Islamic Azad University during the spring semester of 2025, who were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Short Form of the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings indicated that metacognitive beliefs were positively and significantly associated with both alexithymia and social anxiety. Furthermore, alexithymia was positively associated with social anxiety. The indirect effect of metacognitive beliefs on social anxiety through alexithymia was also significant, indicating the partial mediating role of alexithymia in this relationship. Overall, the findings suggest that maladaptive metacognitive beliefs contribute to increased social anxiety both directly and indirectly through greater difficulties in identifying and describing emotions. These results highlight the importance of addressing metacognitive beliefs and emotional processing deficits in the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing social anxiety among female university students.

Predicting Rumination Based on Cognitive and Cognitive-Emotional Processes: The Role of Cognitive Flexibility, Emotional Schemas, and Emotion Regulation Self-Efficacy among Female University Students

samereh Asadi Majareh

The present study was conducted to investigate the role of emotional schemas, emotional regulation self-efficacy, and cognitive flexibility in predicting rumination. This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method and based on stepwise regression analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female students of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, in the second semester of the academic year 2024-2025, from whom 400 people were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Emotional Schemas Scale, Emotional Regulation Self-Efficacy Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale, and Rumination Scale and analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional schemas and rumination, and a negative and significant relationship between cognitive flexibility, emotional regulation self-efficacy, and rumination. Also, the results of stepwise regression showed that the variables of control, guilt, alternatives, emotional simplification, blaming others, and lack of control significantly predicted rumination. In the final model, control had the strongest inverse relationship with rumination; while guilt, emotional simplification, blaming others, and lack of control showed a direct relationship with rumination, and alternatives showed an inverse relationship with it. These variables explained a total of 61% of the variance in rumination. The research findings show that the components of emotional schemas, emotional regulation self-efficacy, and cognitive flexibility play an important role in explaining and predicting rumination. Therefore, paying attention to correcting dysfunctional emotional schemas, strengthening emotion regulation skills, and increasing cognitive flexibility can be effective in designing psychological interventions to reduce rumination.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on Perspective and Time Metaphorical Perception and Internet Addiction in University Students

Fatteme Raiisi

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on time perspective, time metaphorical perception, and Internet addiction. The study used a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all students of Payam Noor University- Alborz Province (Karaj branch), in 2025. In this study, 50 students from Karaj branch, were selected through convenience sampling, and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (25 people) and control group (25 people). Research tools included Zimbardo and Boyd's Time Perspective Inventory, Raiisi and the Moghadasins' Time Metaphorical Perception Questionnaire, and Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire. The mindfulness training protocol was implemented on the experimental group in eight 90-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that mindfulness training had effects on the means of time perspective, time metaphorical perception, and Internet addiction in the experimental group during the time (P<0.01). It seems that the use of mindfulness-based educational interventions can be an effective solution for managing and viewing time and solving Internet addiction problems in university students.