دوره 9، شماره 4 - ( دوره نهم، شماره چهارم، زمستان 1400 )
جلد 9 شماره 4 صفحات 17-1 |
برگشت به فهرست نسخه ها
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Ahmadi E. Does War Give Meaning to Human Life? Investigating the Endlessness of Human Wars from a Social Cognition Viewpoint. CPJ 2022; 9 (4) : 16
URL: http://jcp.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3478-fa.html
URL: http://jcp.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3478-fa.html
احمدی ابراهیم. آیا جنگ به انسان‌ها معنای زندگی می‌دهد؟ بررسی زیربنای روان‌شناختی پایان‌ناپذیری جنگ‌های بشری. فصلنامه روانشناسی شناختی. 1400; 9 (4) :1-17
گروه روان شناسی، واحد بویین زهرا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بویین زهرا، ایران
چکیده: (4467 مشاهده)
به گواهی تاریخ، انسان‌ها هیچگاه از جنگیدن با یکدیگر دست نکشیده‌اند و این پایان‌ناپذیری و ماندگاری جنگها نمی‌تواند فقط علت‌های بیرونی (تهدید) داشته باشد بلکه علت‌های درونی و روان‌شناختی هم دارد و شناسایی این علت‌ها برای کاستن از جنگها ضروری است. پژوهش کنونی با هدف شناسایی یکی از علت‌های روان‌شناختی پایان‌ناپذیری جنگ‌های بشری فرض کرد که جنگ به انسان‌ها معنای زندگی می‌دهد و لذا انسان‌ها دوست ندارند به آن پایان دهند. با هدف آزمون این فرض، 397 آزمودنی (190 مرد) با میانگین سنی 35 سال از میان 30 هزار مشترک همراه اول و ایرانسل تهران و کرج برای این پژوهش به کار گرفته شدند. در یک طرح آزمایشی، آزمودنی‌ها به‌گونۀ تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش (که جنگ ایران و عراق در ذهن آنان برجسته شد) و گواه (که پیشرفت‌های علمی ایرانیان در ذهن آنان برجسته شد) گمارده شدند و سپس معناسازی از جنگها (متغیر میانجی) با آزمون تدسکی و کالهون (1996) و موافقت با نظامی‌گرایی/ماندگاری جنگ (متغیر وابسته) با آزمون ویل و ماتیل (2010) اندازه‌گیری شد. تحلیل‌های واریانس نشان دادند که گروه آزمایش بیشتر از گروه گواه از جنگها معنا می‌سازد و با نظامی‌گرایی/ماندگاری جنگ موافق است، و الگوسازی فرایند شرطی نشان داد که برجسته شدن جنگ در ذهن آزمودنی‌ها «از راه» معناسازی از جنگها به موافقت با نظامی‌گرایی/ماندگاری جنگ انجامیده است. پس انسان‌ها از جنگ معنای زندگی می‌گیرند و این یکی از علت‌های پایان‌ناپذیری جنگ‌های بشری است.
شماره‌ی مقاله: 16
نوع مطالعه: پژوهشي |
موضوع مقاله:
روانشناسی
دریافت: 1400/6/9 | پذیرش: 1400/11/10 | انتشار: 1400/11/17
دریافت: 1400/6/9 | پذیرش: 1400/11/10 | انتشار: 1400/11/17
فهرست منابع
1. Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., & Spiro, A., III. (1994). Vulnerability and resilience to combat exposure: Can stress have lifelong effects? Psychology and Aging, 9, 34 - 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.9.1.34 [DOI:10.1037/0882-7974.9.1.34]
2. Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
3. Bar-Tal, D. (2000). From intractable conflict through conflict resolution to reconciliation: Psychological analysis. Political Psychology, 21, 351- 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00192 [DOI:10.1111/0162-895X.00192]
4. Bar-Tal, D. (2007). Sociopsychological foundations of intractable conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1430 -1453. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/0002764207302462 [DOI:10.1177/0002764207302462]
5. Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., & Leknes, S. (2014). The positive consequences of pain: A biopsychosocial approach. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 256 -279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868314527831 [DOI:10.1177/1088868314527831]
6. Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident
7. victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 917-927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917]
8. Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). Handbook of posttraumatic growth. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Coleman, P. T. (2014). Intractable conflict. In P. T. Coleman, M. Deutsch, E. C. Marcus, P. T. Coleman, M. Deutsch, & E. C. Marcus (Eds.), The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice (3rd ed., pp. 708 -744). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
10. Crescenzi, M. J. (2007). Reputation and interstate conflict. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 382-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007. 00257.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00257.x]
11. Dohrenwend, B. P., Neria, Y., Turner, J. B., Turse, N., Marshall, R., Lewis-Fernandez, R., & Koenen, K. C. (2004). Positive tertiary appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. male veterans of the war in Vietnam: The roles of positive affirmation, positive reformulation, and defensive denial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 417- 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.417 [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.417]
12. Durant, W., & Durant, A. (1968). The lessons of history. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
13. Ebersole, P. (1998). Types and depth of written life meanings. In P. T. P. Wong & S. P. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp. 179-191). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Elder, G. H., Jr., & Clipp, E. C. (1989). Combat experience and emotional health: Impairment and resilience in later life. Journal of Personality, 57, 311-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00485.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00485.x]
15. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [DOI:10.1515/9781503620766]
16. Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man's search for meaning (3rd ed.). New York, NY: First Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1963)
17. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
18. Hedges, C. (2003). War is a force that gives us meaning. New York, NY: Anchor.
19. Heine, S. J., Proulx, T., & Vohs, K. D. (2006). The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 88 -110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ s15327957pspr1002_1 [DOI:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_1]
20. Heintzelman, S. J., & King, L. A. (2013). On knowing more than we can tell: Intuitive processes and the experience of meaning. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 471- 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.830758 [DOI:10.1080/17439760.2013.830758]
21. Heintzelman, S. J., & King, L. A. (2014a). Life is pretty meaningful. American Psychologist, 69, 561-574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035049 [DOI:10.1037/a0035049]
22. Heintzelman, S. J., & King, L. A. (2014b). (The feeling of) meaning-as-information. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 153-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868313518487 [DOI:10.1177/1088868313518487]
23. Heintzelman, S. J., Trent, J., & King, L. A. (2013). Encounters with objective coherence and the experience of meaning in life. Psychological Science, 24, 991-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612465878 [DOI:10.1177/0956797612465878]
24. Houweling, H. W., & Siccama, J. G. (1985). The epidemiology of war, 1816 -1980. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 29, 641- 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002785029004007 [DOI:10.1177/0022002785029004007]
25. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York, NY: Free Press.
26. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1998). From terror to
27. appreciation: Confronting chance after extreme misfortune. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 99 -101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0902_3 [DOI:10.1207/s15327965pli0902_3]
28. Janoff-Bulman, R., & Frantz, C. (1997). The impact of trauma on meaning: From meaningless world to meaningful life. In M. J. Power, C. R. Brewin, M. J. Power, & C. R. Brewin (Eds.), The transformation of meaning in psychological therapies: Integrating theory and practice (pp. 91-106). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
29. King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 179 -196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179]
30. Leidner, B., Tropp, L. R., & Lickel, B. (2013). Bringing science to bear-On peace, not war: Elaborating on psychology's potential to promote peace. American Psychologist, 68, 514 -526. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/a0032846 [DOI:10.1037/a0032846]
31. Levy, J. S. (1982). The contagion of great power war behavior, 1495-1975. American Journal of Political Science, 26, 562-584. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307/2110943 [DOI:10.2307/2110943]
32. Lilgendahl, J. P., McLean, K. C., & Mansfield, C. D. (2013). When is meaning making unhealthy for the self? The roles of neuroticism, implicit theories, and memory telling in trauma and transgression memories. Memory, 21, 79 -96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.706615 [DOI:10.1080/09658211.2012.706615]
33. Maddi, S. R. (1970). The search for meaning. In M. Page (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 137-186). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
34. Malinak, D. P., Hoyt, M. F., & Patterson, V. (1979). Adults' reactions to the death of a parent: A preliminary study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1152-1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.136.9.1152 [DOI:10.1176/ajp.136.9.1152]
35. Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
36. Mehlum, L. (1995). Positive and negative consequences of serving in a UN peacekeeping mission. A follow-up study. International Review of Armed Forces Medical Services, 68, 289 -295.
37. Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 257-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0018301 [DOI:10.1037/a0018301]
38. Park, C. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2006). Introduction to the special section: Growth following highly stressful life events-Current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 791-796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.791 [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.791]
39. Proulx, T., & Heine, S. J. (2008). The case of the transmogrifying experimenter: Affirmation of a moral schema following implicit change detection. Psychological Science, 19, 1294 -1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02238.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02238.x]
40. Proulx, T., & Heine, S. J. (2009). Connections from Kafka: Exposure to meaning threats improves implicit learning of an artificial grammar. Psychological Science, 20, 1125-1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02414.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02414.x]
41. Proulx, T., & Heine, S. J. (2010). The frog in Kierkegaard's beer: Finding meaning in the threat-compensation literature. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 889 -905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751- 9004.2010.00304.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00304.x]
42. Proulx, T., & Inzlicht, M. (2012). Moderated disanxiousuncertlibrium: Specifying the moderating and neuroaffective determinants of violation- compensation effects. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 386 -396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2012.734912 [DOI:10.1080/1047840X.2012.734912]
43. Proulx, T., Heine, S. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2010). When is the unfamiliar the uncanny? Meaning affirmation after exposure to absurdist literature, humor, and art. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 817- 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167210369896 [DOI:10.1177/0146167210369896]
44. Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006). The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the in-group's moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 698 -711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.698 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.698]
45. Rovenpor, D. R., O'Brien, T. C., Roblain, A., De Guissmé, L., Chekroun, P., & Leidner, B. (2019). Intergroup conflict self-perpetuates via meaning: Exposure to intergroup conflict increases meaning and fuels a desire for further conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(1), 119. [DOI:10.1037/pspp0000169]
46. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ s15327965pli0901_1 [DOI:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1]
47. Schok, M. L., Kleber, R. J., Elands, M., & Weerts, J. M. (2008). Meaning as a mission: A review of empirical studies on appraisals of war and peacekeeping experiences. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 357-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.005 [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.005]
48. Staub, E. (1999). The roots of evil: Social conditions, culture, personality, and basic human needs. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 179 -192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_2 [DOI:10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_2]
49. Steger, M. F. (2009). Meaning in life. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 679 - 687). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0064]
50. Steger, M. F. (2012). Making meaning in life. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 381-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2012.720832 [DOI:10.1080/1047840X.2012.720832]
51. Tamir, M. (2009). What do people want to feel and why? Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 101-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01617.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01617.x]
52. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455- 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305 [DOI:10.1002/jts.2490090305]
53. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01 [DOI:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01]
54. Vail, K. E., & Motyl, M. (2010). Support for diplomacy: Peace-making and militarism as a unidimensional correlate of social, environmental, and political attitudes. Peace and Conflict, 16, 29-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10781910903486813 [DOI:10.1080/10781910903486813]
| بازنشر اطلاعات | |
 |
این مقاله تحت شرایط Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License قابل بازنشر است. |
