Human Information Interaction

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Background and Aim: This study attempted to identify Everyday Life Information Seeking (ELIS) and Information Grounds (IG) of Armenians in Tehran .
Methods: The study is of a cross-sectional survey type. The study sample consisted of individuals older than 15 years. Total population was 30,000, of whom 20,000 were over 15 –year-old individuals. Using the Kerjcie– Morgan table, 377 individuals were selected as sample.
Results: Data analysis showed that the kind and amount of use of the Iinformation Grounds were as follows: the home of rlatives and friends (55.5%), workplace (47.8%) and church (47.5%). The results also showed that the Armenians had a positive attitude towards information and its role in everyday life. Most Armenians used Persian websites and Persian-language satellite networks abroad; but they seldom used National Media's Persian-language programs. Armemians obtained most information from various media including books, magazines and satellite networks. They preferred to communicate with other Armenians throught social networks; and believed that public libraries do not consider Armenian culture, and thus, they can not find information about the history and culture of Armenians in public libraries.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that Armenians in Tehran like many other Iranian minorities are deprived of services by public libraries and national media. It is essential for the government to reconsider the issue.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of print and electronic personal information management activities and compare them between faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
     Method: The present study, is conducted in a survey, In terms of purpose, it is an applied type and In terms of nature, it is descriptive and analytical. The research community consists of all faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. In order to analyze the data, were used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.      
     Results: Results showed that the overall average print information management boards of faculty is 86/2 and electronic personal information management is 82/2. In this way, the print and electronic personal information management activities of faculty are in a relatively good level. Results indicate that There is no significant difference between the print and electronic information management activities of faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
     Conclusion: The results indicate that the activities of electronic information management and print information management activities of the faculty are equal and none of them overlap. New phenomena always need more time to know and prove themselves, and new electronic gadgets may be used in the future.

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Background and aim: the aim was to study information needs and practices of nomadic people of Babadi clan of Bakhtiari tribe.
Methods: the study uses ethnography as method and uses observation and semi-structured interview as data collection techniques.
Results: life style increasingly influences and directs the way nomadic people look for information. They prefer informal information resources and use formal sources of information as their very low priority. Nomads seek practical information for solving their daily life problems. Most of nomadic people use interaction with others as the way of looking for information and they use friends, family, and elders of their clan for this purpose. Head of the clan and elders play an important role as sources of information and trust criteria for most of nomadic people is the level of knowledge they have about the source of information.
Conclusion: nomads probably due to their limited access to formal information resources (e.g. libraries and information services) still rely on oral culture and interpersonal communications. There is a need to design and develop proper information services to meet their information needs and remove barriers to their information access.

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Background and Aim: The current research aims at prototyping query-by-humming music information retrieval systems for smart phones.
Methods: This multi-method research follows simulation technique from mixed models of the operations research methodology, and the documentary research method, simultaneously. Two chromatic harmonica albums comprised the research population. To achieve the purpose of research, 24 homophonic tracks were splitted by using Helium Audio Splitter software. The splits were processed by Sonic Visualiser software; and 168 XML documents were produced. On the other hand, 4 research participants hummed and recorded splits. Hummed tracks were converted by using AMR to MP3 Converter software, processed by Sonic Visualiser, and resulted in 672 XML documents. MATLAB software was learned by the first group of XML documents (168), and then, processed the second group of XML documents (672) for providing desirable outputs. Outputs were compared by using Image Comparer software.
Results: Findings indicated a high degree of similarity (99 %) between outputs of two groups of XML documents. It has also been found that the gender and the music skill do not have any impact on the results.
Conclusion: It could be acknowledged that designing query-by-humming systems based on converting audio to XML documents, and document matching, is an appropriate strategy towards developing music retrieval applications for smart phones.

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Background and Aim: Proper management of the information process requires considering various definitions and combinations of the term "information". The purpose of this study was to clarify the concepts of information, misinformation and disinformation, and to better understand the ways of sharing, differentiation and relationships between them, and to explain the patterns and motivations for disseminating false and deceptive information.
Methods: The present study uses a library research method to study theoretical foundations and conceptual relationships of different types of information and their dissemination models.
Results: Good and valuable information with features such as accessible, accurate, complete, economical, flexible, relevant, reliable, secure, simple, timely and verifiable. Misinformation is synonymous with incorrect, false, incorrect, incomplete information that is published unintentionally. While disinformation has two main characteristics of false information and misleading intent.
Conclusion: Better understanding of the concepts of information, misinformation and disinformation, and understanding their different dimensions will be the basis for more accurate research in this field and more comprehensive analyzes. Providing critical thinking training and information assessment skills in the form of information literacy, literacy and the like can prevent the publication, retrieval and use of inaccurate and deceptive information by users.

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Background and Aim: With changes in the paradigm of information seeking field and the replacement of system-based approach by user-based one, it seems necessary to design systems to achieve Information seeking goals. This requires mutual interactions of users and systems and establishing relationships between information seeking and information retrieval. A number of models were created after the introduction of new technologies into information seeking field which present information search trends as dynamic activities and describe how to meet the users’ demands. The research attempted to investigate how the undergraduates of the Water Sciences Engineering School of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz searched the information on the Internet and then compare their “information seeking” behavior with Kuhlthau “information search process”.
Methods: This was an applied research using descriptive survey method. The statistical population was comprised of all undergraduates of the Water Sciences Engineering School of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz (N=204) out of whom 102 subjects (51 freshmen and 51 sophomores) were selected via random sampling who received questionnaires.
Results: The data analysis revealed that from the stages of Kuhlthau model, freshmen and seniors tended to ignore “beginning” and “Selection stages”. Subjects would prioritize four stages of “exploration”, “formulation”, “collection” and “presentation” while “exploration” and “collection” stages were the best stages for the intervention of librarians in the search process. Also, data analysis showed that the students used “information bases”, search engines and topic indices equally while they employed search tools such as “Title” and “N operator” more than other search tools.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the pattern used by students was comprised of 4 stages which were in contrast to kuhlthau model in both terms of the number and order of stages. In the end, a new internet search pattern used by students was recognized and presented through the results obtained from the comparisons of both groups of subjects.
 

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Background and Aim: This paper aims at conceptual analysis of epistemological pre-assumptions of the theory of “Information Ethics” to provide better understanding about this macro-ethics theory and offer a critical standpoint about some of its pre-assumptions.
Methods: A documentary method and a conceptual analysis were used. This research method and approach is best suited to explore pre-assumptions of philosophical standpoints and scientific concepts.
Results: Floridi’s epistemological position in the theory of “Information Ethics” is pan-informationism. This position originates from his “Informational Realism”. He argues that the ultimate nature of knowledge is structural. Structures, rather than entities, in his view, is aPriori and primal. He uses a metaphysical concept, namely “difference”, to argue for his position. In his view, in the existence of an object, the structure of “difference” is primal to the entity of that object because without difference, entities substantially could not be recognized. By this reasoning, he argues that we can see all things as information because all structures can be translated to data clusters in a selective level of abstraction. By viewing every things as information, they gain at least a minimum right to “being” that should be respected because the first informational structure of an entity is being/not being binary.
Conclusion: The value of this research lies in the exploration and explanation of epistemological assumptions of Floridi’s information ethics theory who tried to determine all objects as information to ethically save them from damage, by metaphysical development of the concept “difference”. This article also showed that how this conceptual development is obscure because of its epistemological reductions, emphasis on mind and neglecting bodies, and technological flexibility

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Purpose: This study aims to reveal the intellectual structure of Knowledge and Information Science and its evolution along with the review of journals subjective scope based on 6830 abstract in the ten core journal in the JCR 2013, over the ten years (2004-2013).
Methodology: In this research, co-word and Correspondence analysis of 150 words -selected by tf-idf weight- were done after parametric analysis. To this end, the Cosine theta index and the second-order affinity were used for the hierarchical clustering based on the average-linkage algorithm.
Findings: The results of the co-word analysis reveal 3 mature clusters and 1 immature cluster in relation to the second cluster. Furthermore, the study of journals' domain show four clusters and the time progress show two clusters in counterclockwise motion.
Conclusion: In general, the results show except cluster four all clusters have a stable state with conceptual maturity, and along with constant concepts, a conceptual metamorphosis can be seen under the influence of technological change.
 

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Background and Aim: considering the significance of cognitive and psychological factors in human-information interaction, this study investigates the role of cognitive biases in academic information behavior of postgraduate students at Kharazmi University.
Methodology:  this qualitative research used classic grounded theory as the method. The research population included all postgraduate of Kharazmi University who were at the writing up stage. Twenty-five students were chosen through a purposive convenient sampling process. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed based on the classic grounded theory coding and qualitative content analysis. Eisenberg & Berkowitz information behavior model was used as the framework.
Findings: The results showed that cognitive biases influence people's information behavior and 28 of cognitive biases were identified. Cognitive biases interfere on different six steps of Eisenberg & Berkowitz information behavior model. Biases can play a role in identifying and explaining information needs, selecting information resources, selecting information centers, using information, organizing and sharing information and evaluating the information seeking process.
Conclusions: cognitive biases can affect or be affected by other factors involved in information behavior. Failure in information access and information retrieval, information avoidance and also failure in resolving information needs are some of cognitive biases’ consequences. Cognitive biases should be studied in different contexts so that other aspects can be more thoroughly understood.

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Background and Aim: The adolescence period is one of the most important stages in the life of each individual, and the basic component of this period is identity. So far, there have been different views about this period of life. One of these is the psychosocial theory of Ericsson, which defined the crisis as "identity against the confusion of the role". In addition, other people like Marcia and Berzonsky have referred to identity and identity processing styles. Story books are tools for gaining knowledge and identity in adolescents. The purpose of this study is to examine the status of adolescence stories in terms of dimensions and identity components.
Methods: The present research is applied in terms of purpose. The method of this research is descriptive. Also, content analysis approach has been used to collect research data. The research population includes all the fiction books of the age groups D and E, which were published by the Children's and Young Children's Intellectual Development Center in the years 1390-94, which totally cover 180 story titles. .
Results: Findings show that the focus of the stories is on individual identity, family identity, group identity, and national identity. Other types of identity differ in compilation and translation stories. In general, the main characters of the stories (compilation and translation) are confused. After that, the status of the identity of the person is too late and the status of the identity is successful. The fast-paced situation also includes the least percentage of stories.  Also, most of the story's main characters used the information processing style. The other dominant style of information processing by the main characters of the stories is a confused style and the least amount is devoted to the normative style. T
Conclusion: In general, according to the findings of the present research, it is completely clear that in the fiction books examined, different types of identity are not taken into account in the same way. It is certain that little and very little attention is given to other identities, negative effects and serious and irreparable damage to the formation and identity of adolescents. Also, in assessing the status of the identity of the main characters of teenage stories, the findings showed that the abundance of these characters in the field of identification is different. In the study of identity processing styles, the same characters were not found in the main characters of the stories studied.

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Purpose: The aim of this research is to determine the role of public and academic libraries in disseminating of health information and comparing of the two types of libraries with each other.

Method: The research method is applied with descriptive-survey. The sample size was determined by using the Morgan table, 379 people. The questionnaires were distributed using Quotas sampling method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and it was analyzied with the descriptive and inferential tests.

Results: Findings showed that according to the mean score of the components of the test, receiving health information in libraries has had acceptable and good results for users. Also, in terms of comparison between general and academic library and components of health information among the 5 components (role of library, results of receiving, usefulness, use of resources and access barriers), in terms of barriers to access to information There is a significant difference in the health of the library between public and academic libraries. However, there are no other significant differences between the four other components. Also, there was no significant relationship between sex, age, education, occupation and income level using health information in the library.
Conclusion: The library has a significant role in the dissemination of health information, but for some reason, such as not knowing users about the health information resources in the library and some barriers to accessing these resources, many users do not use library health information resources. Finally, suggestions are made according to the results of the research to improve the role of the library and more users

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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explain the impact of information and communication technology on the use of information among the elite Brilliant talents of the Young and Elite Research Club of Islamic Azad University.
Methodology, In this research, qualitative methodology has been used with an interpretive approach and using grounded theory. In the process of constructing the ground theory, there are three stages of data encoding: open coding, axial encoding, and selective coding. Encoding is an analytical process in which data is segmented, conceptualized, and integrated, so that they can formulate the final theory. In the process of coding, the unit is the concept of analysis. The data collection was conducted through a semi-structured interview with pre-designed questions. Questions were asked about the respondent's response when asked to answer the questions when needed. The research community is the elite and talented talents of the Young and Elite Research Club of Islamic Azad University. A targeted sampling was used to select the research sample. The sample size was determined during the work. The research sample was 22 elite and talented members of the young and elite scholars club of Islamic Azad University, which according to the characteristics of the subjects under study, through the representative of the club to provide access to these people.
Findings, the elite, are searching for a lot of information, cultivating their curious minds, so that they do not ignore any information, and, with the choice of information, seek, in their entirety, their puzzle pieces. On the other hand, they collect information based on the most relevant, newest, or based on the importance and credibility of the information using mental ability and visual memory. On the other hand, in different stages of the process of using information, they use the capabilities and the most important features of information and communication technology tools for storing, processing, accessing information, and so on.
Conclusion, In the process of information retrieval, there is an innovative touchdown. The largest eclectic wizard for using online information technology tools is the security and space for storing, generating, transferring and sharing information.
Keywords, Use of Information, Information and Communication Technology, Elite, Innovation

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Background and Aim: The present study aimed at investigating the factors affecting the unplanned behavior of users to use academic library resources and services.
Methods: The present study is considered as being an applied one in terms of purpose ,and it has has been conducted using descriptive-survey method. Research population consist of the students of central libraries at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Shahid Chamran universty of Ahwaz, universities of Tabriz and Shiraz, as well as the Tehran Univrsity. Having determined the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 700 questionnaires were distributed among the participants and 654 questionnaires have been analyzed applying stratified random sampling method based on the population size. Path analysis and LISREL software have been used in order for data analysis to be carried out.
Results: The results shows that the environmental factors and also the ones associated with technology affect the students’ unplanned behavior as far as using resources and services of university libraries through the situational factor of time are concerned. In addition, the data resources and services have no direct or indirect influence on the incidence of these behaviors.
Conclusion: Libraries should pay a special attention to the factors affecting the clients’ unplanned behavior, especially the ones whose impact has been proven including "environmental factors", "factors associated with technology", and the "accessible time ". This way, it will be possible for the libraries to have an optimized and efficient use of their resources and services. The result of paying attention to these factors will be the greater use of library resources and services, attracted audiences, and an increased level of awareness and information of users.

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Background and Aim: Understanding collaborative information seeking behaviour requires knowing about personal characteristics, differences between users, and the type of interactions occur during a collaborative behaviour. The aim of this study is to investigate dimensions of collaborative information seeking behaviour of graduate students of Kharazmi University when using a digital library based on easy and difficult task scenarios.
Methods:  this was a mixed-method study with 60 (30 pairs) participant randomly chosen from graduate students of Kharazmi University (enrolled in 2017-2018). The sampling technique was purposive random sampling. Participants participated in a test based on easy and difficult tasks of collaborative information seeking using a digital library (Tebyan).
Results: the time spent interacting with peers or librarians was relatively short. Participants in difficult tasks mostly played the role of consultant. Most of information or help requests were of the type of procedural.
Conclusion: the results confirm the important role of librarians in collaborative information seeking and the feasibility of providing human assistant in digital library environment to support users.

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Background and Aim: Automatic identification and classification of the Iranian traditional music scales (Dastgāh) and melody models (Gusheh) has attracted the attention of the researchers for more than a decade. The current research aims to review conducted researches on this area and consider its different approached and obstacles.
Method: The research approach is content analysis and data collection method is based on the documentary-library study.
Results: Findings indicated that the main obstacles and reasons for the inefficiency of this area researches are due to performing the researches in parallel and individually, lack of a coherent dataset for Iranian traditional music and also, lack of researcher’s knowledge of the theoretical foundations of Iranian traditional music.
Conclusion: It could be considered two main approaches for researches in automatic identification of the Iranian traditional music. The major researches has been published until now, is conducted based on Macro approach, which merely considers the scales of five Dastgāhs in distinguishing them from each other. Since Dastgāhs division does not have enough authenticity and there is no consensus on the number of Dastgāhs and their boundaries among the Iranian music theorists, Micro approach has been suggested for future researches, which tries to identify short melody models (Gushehs) based of melody sequences of representative phrase of the Gusheh. 

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Purpose: the aim was to identify users' search strategies and the rate of using search strategies on the web.

Method: It is a practical survey. The statistical population included all the postgraduate students in the first semester at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 95 students were selected by stratified random sampling method. To gather the data, log files were used.

Findings: 12 search strategies were identified which was divided into 5 general categories. Iterative evaluation strategy in another tab was a new form of evaluation strategy of results. Among all, starting search strategies were the most commonly used category which were repeated 397 times, and the search results evaluation strategies were ranked afterward, with 321 replications. The category of Simultaneous multiple resource access strategies, with 77 repetitions, were also the least used strategies, but in particular, the recurring exploration strategy, with 21 repetitions, was the least applicable strategy. Conducting correlation test between strategies showed that some of Pearson's correlation coefficients were significant. The strongest relationship was between the starting search strategies and the search result evaluation strategies with a 0.591 correlation coefficient.

Discussion: The results showed that the majority of students used traditional and simple strategies, such as the formulation of search terms strategy and the iterative result evaluation strategy, and they used more complex strategies in few cases. These results showed that the students need to be trained in using strategies.

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Background and Aim: Current study has investigated the status of research about digital rights management and to identify the gaps and research trends in the field.
Methods: Using a narrative review approach major databases such as Elsevier, Springer, Emerald, ProQuest, etc. were searched for the term “Digital Rights Management”.
Results: Following the preliminary analysis, 80 research sources were selected for the study. The results of the study showed that 72% of recovered resources pursued technical issues, and 19% management perspectives, and the remaining 9% legal and cultural aspects.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that, we need to do more research on management approach, and there we found a deep research gap in legal and cultural studies. Furthermore, economics is a missed approach in the field. Considering the evolution of research, we had technical issues bolder with an approach towards new technologies. Also, the results were in line with the development of modern information and communication technologies and legal aspects. On the contrary to earlier research that was more focused on the rights of copyright holders, current studies are focusing on the consumers’ rights.
 

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Background and Aim: Information systems cannot be well designed or developed without a clear understanding of needs of users, manner of their information seeking and evaluating. This research has been designed to analyze the Ganj (Iranian research institute of science and technology database) users’ query refinement behaviors via log analysis.   
Methods: The method of this research is log analysis. In this research, the Ganj users’ query refinement behaviors were analyzed. User’s logs during 3 months between May and June 2016 were analyzed for semantic features. The study tool was a researcher-made checklist of semantic features. The total searches were 10 milion records which were limited to information science domain. About 106641 records were selected for analysis. 
Results: The semantic relationships (based on thesaurus relationships) were revealed between pair’s terms in user’s searches. The results showed that users refined their searches based on some semantic relationships.    
Conclusion: The results of this research can be used to improve the Ganj results and for term suggestion for users, so that they be able to choose proper terms while there are several related terms.

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Background and Aim: This paper aims to survey the method of Selecting subject to coping with Information Resources based on the Ellis model in Seminary, study 323 Students in Fars and Bushehr Province.   
Methods: The method of this study is a survey with analytical approach. Data collection tools in this study was questionnaire and in order to assess validity (content), and the questionnaire reliability was obtained by Cronbach alpha. Sampling is purposeful; Descriptive and analytical statistical methods such as Spearman's correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests were utilized. 
Results: prying mind (2/6), reviewing of information resources (3/13), Sites in the Internet related to subjects or social networks (3/92), Using online databases or weblogs (3/48), Authority (3/7), Studying abstract (2/48), is so important for seminary students.      
Conclusion: The results showed that Students of Seminary selected different methods that selected by research population for Selecting subject to coping with Information Resources and its not based on the Ellis Model