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Purpose: Neuromuscular and biomechanical factors in ACL injuries are among modifiable risk factors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feedback and feed forward neuromuscular training on balance and isometric strength in female basketball players with a high risk of injury in Kerman.
Method: The present research is semi-experimental, prospective study and the subjects selected objectively based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.  Twenty women basketball players of Kerman city purposely selected and who were randomly divided into two groups of feed forward (age=15.73 ±0.78, weigh =61.38±9.09, height = 164.40 ±6.68) and feedback (age=14.70±1.33, weigh =56.31±8.38, height = 161.66±6.02) The training program designed based on the previous studies and conducted during 8 weeks, three sessions per week (each session 15 to 20 minutes) under the supervision of the examiner. Dynamic balance and isometric knee strength was measured using Biodex system and MMT device. One way ANCOVA was used for data analyze.
Result: The results showed significant differences between pre-post test balance Overall Stability index, internal/external index and Anterior/Posterior index (P=0.001).Significant difference was observed in the strength of quadriceps muscle and hamstring muscle between the two groups of feedback and feed forward exercises (P≥0.05). Also, the results of the paired sample t-test showed that Overall Stability in the feedback  and feedforward group (0.345% and 0.19%), Balance Anterior/Posterior in the feedback  and feedforward group(0.409% and 0.22%) and Balance Medial/Lateral in the feedback  and feedforward group(0.427% and 0.22%) has significantly improvement compared to the pre-test (p<0.002).Isometric Quadriceps strength in the post- test showed an significantly improvement of 2.16% in feedback group and 1.82% in feedforward group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001). Isometric hamstring strength in the post- test showed a significantly improvement of 2.07% in feedback group and 1.95% in feedforward group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that neuromuscular training can enhanced balance and isometric strength, of women and training with feedback has more important  than training with feedforward.
Keywords: neuromuscular exercises, Injury prevention, Anterior cruciate ligament, Feedback

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Introduction and objectives: In the past decades, the control of hand tremors in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's has attracted a lot of attention. The theories of closed-loop deep brain stimulation method are increasing significantly. The purpose of this article is to provide an automatic closed-loop method for the rehabilitation of Parkinson's patients with hand tremor symptoms using machine learning.
Materials and methods: In this article, a mathematical model including muscle model, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex and supplementary motor area is used to simulate tremor. Also, to control hand tremors, a non-integer proportional-derivative-integral controller (non-integer PID) has been used, as well as using the smart Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm as a subset of reinforcement learning to adjust the coefficients.
Findings: In addition to reducing hand tremors and automatic learning for use in different levels of the disease, which has given acceptable results compared to other control methods, among the advantages of the Prihadi method is the practical implementation of this method in the real world due to the simplicity of the controller. And also the easy implementation of the intelligent algorithm is due to the automatic adjustment of the coefficients of artificial intelligence networks.
Conclusion: In addition to optimizing output symptoms such as hand tremors compared to other controllers, the proposed intelligent system can also be used for all levels of the disease due to its adaptability, causing a significant reduction in the side effects caused by continuous brain stimulation in the brain stimulation method. It opens in the form of a ring.

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Background: In rehabilitation medicine using targeted and personalized approaches are proposed, so that training protocols adjustments, based on gender, age, level of disability and the rate of progress can have more favorable results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training on some induces of physical function in women with MS presenting different levels of disability.
Material & Methods:  In this quasi-experimental study, 92 patients admitted to the MS Society of Shahrekord city were selected and on the basis of disability were categorized into 3 groups of mild, moderate and severe. Then each group was randomly divided into experimental and control group. The personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training program was done 12 weeks, 3 times per weeks. Muscles strength, endurance and speed of walking, were assessed. Independent and Covariance test were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that 12 weeks training cause improving in muscles strength, speed of walking in women with MS presenting different levels of disability (p<0.05). Endurance of walking improve significantly in mild group (p<0.05), but in moderate and severe group were not significantly (P˃0.05).
Conclusion: The implementation of the comprehensive rehabilitation exercises affected the recovery of patients with MS and made a significant difference in physical functions of patients.
 

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Introduction: Studies have shown that anterior cruciate ligament injury causes long-term periods of disability and long-term effects; Therefore, it is necessary to adopt preventive measures as well as to have studies that determine the effect of injury prevention programs in improving the performance level of players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of the anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention program on the function of elite female kabaddi athletes.
Materials and Methods: This research is semi-experimental based on the application of the intervention variable. 27 female kabaddi athletes with an age range of 18-24 years were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group performed prevention injury and enhance performance program exercises for 8 weeks. The tests were taken before and after eight weeks of the PEP program. These evaluations included T-test, 20-meter sprint test, Y-balance test, sitting and reaching flexibility test, hopping test and functional movement screening test. leven's statistical test was used to check the homogeneity of variances and ANCOVA test was used to evaluate and compare the data.
Findings: The results of the covariance analysis test showed that the intervention group had significantly better scores compared to the control group in the Y-balance tests of the right (p=0.002) and left leg (p=0.001), single leg hopping with right leg (p=0.004) and left leg (p=0.000), crossover hopping with right leg (p=0.023) and sit and reach flexibility test (p=0.003) after eight weeks of exercises In addition, in the tests of sprinting (p=0.649), agility (p=0.073), triple hopping with left leg (p=0.784) and right leg (p=0.204), crossover hopping with left leg (p=0.540) and functional movement screening test (p=0.943) did not show any significant difference between the two groups.
Results: The results of this research showed that the eight-week prevention injury and enhance performance program  has a significant effect on the dynamic balance of the right and left legs, hopping (single leg hopping and crossover hopping of the right leg), and the flexibility of the hamstrings and lower back of elite female kabaddi athletes; But hopping (triple hopping and left leg crossover hopping), speed, agility and FMS test scores have no significant effect.

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Introduction and aim: One of the serious challenges in sports is injury prediction methods that can help prevent and reduce injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to answer the question, of Do functional movement screen, Y balance, and landing error scoring system tests have the power to predict sports injuries in female student athletes? Methodology: This study was a prospective cohort study. The population of the current research was university female athletes, and the research sample was 124 female student athletes participating in the 15th Iranian Student Sports Olympiad who were evaluated in an available manner. The Y balance test, landing error scoring system, and functional movement screening test were taken from the subjects before the Olympiad, and the injuries of the athletes during the competitions were recorded by the data collection form. In order to statistically analyze the data, the logistic regression test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Results: The results of the research showed that a total of 26 injuries were registered during the competition in 124 subjects. None of the predictor variables had the ability to predict the criterion variable (p>0.05). Conclusion: In general conclusion based on the results of this research, it is not possible to predict general injury using functional tests.

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Abstract
Introduction and purpose: Jumping motor tasks in people with motor control defects are probably associated with incomplete movement patterns, which can be related to non-collision injuries of the lower limbs. In relation to these people, it has been recommended that the design of exercise protocols should also be done with the aim of controlling and improving functional defects. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the eight-week training program of feedback on the biomechanical variables of athletes with selected motor control defects in landing jump tasks.

Materials and methods: The present study is a randomized clinical trial study before and after the intervention. 34 male recreational athletes with movement control defects (dynamic knee valgus and quadriceps dominance) were selected based on the study criteria and then randomly assigned to control groups with a ratio of 1:1 (age range, 28.10±4.70years; height, 171±5.49cm;  mass, 76.83±5.81kg; and BMI, 22.12± 1.54kg/m² ) and feedback group (age range, 29.80±3.61years; height, 173.80 ± 4.70cm; mass, 78.33±4.64kg; and BMI, 21.40±1.77 kg/m² ).Electromyography data (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, gluteus medius, Tensor fasciae latae and biceps femoris) and lower limb kinematics (knee valgus angle) were recorded while the participants performed the landing jump movement tasks (vertical jump, tuck and countermovement) in the two previous stages. From the protocol and after the protocol, they performed jumping exercises for two months. In addition, external feedback (first by using educational videos and then verbally while doing the task (place the knee in line with the toes, press the knee towards the wall (external source)) during the two months of the training program and during Performance of movement tasks was presented to the feedback group. To analyze the data, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni statistical tests were used for each movement task at a significance level of P < 0.05.

Findings: The results of the study indicated an increase in the electrical activity of the VM and GM muscles and a decrease in the electrical activity of theVL, BF and TF muscles in different phases of jumping in the feedback group. As an example, the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant improvement in the feedback group in the amount of electrical activity of the VM muscle (effect size = 0.57, p = 0.001) and GM(effect size = 0.53, p = 0.002). In the eccentric phase, there was a significant improvement in the amount of electrical activity of the VM muscle (effect size = 1.05, p = 0.001) and GM(effect size = 0.77, p = 0.001) in the maximum knee flexion phase and improvement The electrical activity of VM muscle (effect size = 1.71, p = 0.001) and GM (effect size = 1.19, p = 0.001) had significance in the landing moment phase during vine jump. Also, the feedback group showed a decrease in knee valgus angle in the frontal plane (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that feedback has an effect on kinematic and electromyographic parameters and improves the jump-landing biomechanics of the lower limbs in people with knee motor control defects and can be used to correct incomplete movement patterns in jump-landing tasks. be used However, for a general conclusion, more studies are needed in different groups and different sports levels, as well as more samples.

 

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Background: Despite the relation between nervous system function, fatigue, and co-contraction, it seems that the difference in co-contraction changes due to fatigue induced by sprinting and endurance running probably indicates the dominance of one source of fatigue (central/peripheral) over the other. This study aimed to compare the effect of fatigue induced by endurance running and sprinting on the knee muscle co-contraction in active young women with the approach of identifying the origin of fatigue.
Methodology: Thirteen active young women volunteers (20-30 years, BMI 20-25kg/m2) were randomly selected. Subjects performed fatigue protocols during two sessions with four days of rest in between. The electrical activity of the vastus-medialis and vastus-lateralis muscles was recorded using an electromyography device before and after two stages of running 400-meter (with 100% effort) and 3000-meter (with 50% effort) during the execution of knee extension movement and co-contraction was calculated with the formula. Two-way repeated measure was used to analyze the data.
Results: There was no significant difference between the co-contraction of the selected muscles before and after sprinting (p=0.3) and endurance running (p=0.19) and no significant difference (p=0.85) between the difference in co-contraction rate in the pre-test and post-test of sprinting and endurance running.
Conclusion: Since there was no difference between the effect of fatigue caused by sprinting and endurance running on the co-contraction of the selected muscles, likely, the involvement of central factors in the appearance of fatigue caused by 400-meter sprinting and 3000-meter endurance running is similar and insignificant. The emergence of fatigue after the implementation of both protocols may be more due to environmental factors.

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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between success
on an over 6000m summit and results of physical fitness tests that normally are
performed by mountaineering federation to select mountaineers for climbing
high mountains. Therefore in this study, relationship between the results of
these tests in 8 female climbers (age, 34.4±8.7year, height, 163.9±5.9cm, body
mass, 60.6±3.8kg) and their performance and success while ascending Mera
Peak (6654m) were assessed. Results showed that none of the cooper test,
long jump, chin up, and sit up tests; and also weekly training volume, age, body
mass, BMI, and percent of body fat were significantly correlated to climbing
ability at altitude, summiting, or incidence of acute mountain sickness.
Summiting was only related to climbing ability over 5000m in 2 days before
summiting (p=0.039) and sleeping history over 3000m (p=0.002). In conclusion,
physical fitness near to sea level could not guaranty climbing ability, summiting,
and healthy mood at high altitude. Climbing and sleeping history at high altitude
may be better criteria for a successful upcoming climb.

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The purpose of present study was to investigate the relationship between
Anthropometric characteristics and hip joint flexibility among teenaged girls in
football schools. The population of this study comprised 120 teenaged girls from
football schools of Mashhad. 40 teenaged girls of the population with mean and
standard deviation of age 13/90±0/84 years, weight 51/62±6/51 kg, and height
156/35±4/22 cm as subjects participated. The Anthropometric variables
including calf length, tight length, calf circumference, hip circumference, knee
diameter, pelvic width, and thickness of subcutaneous fat of iliac crest, iliac,
front tight, middle of the calf, range of motion in flexion and extension were
measured. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and
Pearson correlation coefficient with significant level of p < 0.05. The results
showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between thickness
of subcutaneous fat in front tight, middle of the calf and the range of motion in
hip flexion. However, there is a positive and significant relationship between
pelvic width and the range of motion in hip extension. The results of the present
study demonstrated that there is a relationship between thickness of
subcutaneous fat and pelvic width and hip joint flexibility

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The purpose of this investigation was to consider the Fast-Skin swimsuit's effect
on the elite female swimmers’ performance. So, twelve elite swimmers swam 50
and 200 m and 400 m trials with and without Fast-Skin at approximately 80-
100% of maximal effort in four swimming styles. In 400 m freestyle swimming,
traditional swimsuit compared with shoulder-to-ankle (SA) and shoulder-to-knee
(SK) of Fast-Skin (to control intensity, blood lactate and heart-rate was
measured). Also the propelling force of subjects was measured with indirect
way. Results showed, there was significant reduction in records of 50 m front
crawl, backstroke and butterfly, while no significant differences observed in
breaststroke. In 200 m for four swimming styles, reduction records were
significant. Also, different significant effect seen using traditional swimsuit in
comparison with SA and SK. Fast-Skin provide significant increased in
propelling force of front crawl, backstroke and butterfly, but no significant
propelling force observed in breaststroke. Using SA especially in fast front crawl
and semi-endurance butterfly and SK in endurance freestyle are recommended

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The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the kinematics and kinetics of successful versus
unsuccessful basketball free throw shots. Six professional basketball players (age= 23±2.09 years members
of Iranian premier basketball league participat in test. Kinematics of arm motion during basketball free throws
were recorded by two Casio zr200 camera in frequency of 240 Hz. Wilcoxon test was used for significant
differences between successful versus unsuccessful free throws (p ≤ 0/05). Angular velocity of the wrist was
found to be significantly higher in successful versus unsuccessful shots at the time of ball release (p ≤ 0/028).
Wrist (p ≤ 0/008) and shoulder (p ≤ 0/023) joints were found to have significantly more flexion in successful
versus unsuccessful shots while elbow (p ≤ 0/002) remained significantly less flexed in successful shots.
Angular displacement of wrist (p ≤ 0/034) and elbow (p ≤ 0/004) was shown to be significantly greater in
successful versus unsuccessful shots. Integrated EMG of Anterior Deltoid (AD), Triceps Brachii (TB) and
Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) muscles was more in successful free throw versus unsuccessful free throw, but
the only significant difference was observed in the Integrated EMG of the Triceps Brachii muscle (p ≤ 0/034).
In summery, increasing the wrist angular velocity and activity of triceps brachii muscle affected successful
free throws.

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The purpose of current study was to investigate the spatio-temporal gait parameters and knee varus angle
during walking at different speeds in young with knee varus. 18 subjects with varus deformity classified at
grade 3 of bowleg and 17 healthy subjects, volunteered to participate in this study. The following variables
include stance, swing, double support and cycle time, cadence, stride length, angle of varus at the heel
contact, midstance and toe off when walking on the treadmill at speeds of 80, 100 and 120 percent of
preferred walking speed, were measured from using the three-dimensional motion analysis system with six
optoelectronic cameras. The results of between-group tests showed that spatio-temporal gait parameters
in the varus group is similar to the normal group. Also varus angular variables in varus group, was indicate
higher values in comparison to the healthy group, but there were no significant differences. The results of
inter-group tests also showed the knee varus angle generally increases with increasing speed, that none of
the differences were not significant. According to the results, the increase in walking speed will caused to
increase knee varus angle. Therefore, walking with speed less than the normal walking speed, probably is
a suitable solution to reduce the loads exerted on the knee joint and prevention of premature osteoarthritis
in young with knee varus.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of soccer specific functional fatigue on hip and knee
joints angles during landing in professional players.15 soccer players with at least 2 years experience in
Kerman soccer clubs were selected randomly. To evaluate the lower extremity kinematics following
jumping and soccer specific- heading, three cameras (with50Hz) were used. To cause fatigue in subjects,
specific functional protocol similar to specific bangsbo soccer was used and Quantic sport v21 soft ware
was administrated for kinematic analysis of the recorded films. To statistical analyzing of data, descriptive
statistical methods, and paired-t test were administrated at α=0.05.Finding revealed that hip and knee
angles in sagittal and frontal plane in landing is influenced by functional fatigue. This results has been
reducing knee and hip flexion angles and increased varus in knee joint. Results demonstrated a more
erect landing posture due to a decrease in hip and knee flexion angles in the post fatigue condition.
However, functional fatigue significantly decrease lower extremity control ability in male soccer player
during landing.

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Take-off is the critical phase of the long jump event. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships
between different variables and success in take-off. 37 trials performed by 8 long jumper, participants in
fourth indoor Asian senior athletics championships held in Tehran, with personal best average of 7.68±0.28
meter were recorded at 300 Hz. Five speed-related, five technical and four strength-related variables as well
as an anthropometric variable were measured using motion analysis software. More gain in vertical velocity
and less loss of horizontal velocity are considered as two criteria of take-off success and their relationships
with other variables were determined through correlation and regression analysis. Significant level of 0.05
was set. Some variables of all four groups were significantly correlated with success criteria. These variables
along with some others were entered in regression equations. The results emphasized on dominant role of
the technique and approach velocity and represented the effect of anthropometric characteristics on success
in takeoff. Furthermore eccentric strength of knee extensors was shown as the main strength factor in this
performance.

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The present study aimed to examine the effects of FIFA 11+ comprehensive warm-up program for referees on dynamic balance among male Iranian football referees and assistant referees. Fifty-two football referees and assistant referees who had no previous injury voluntarily participated in the present study. They were randomly assigned into an intervention group and a control one (26 participants each group). The intervention participants took part in a 17-week FIFA 11+ comprehensive warm-up program for referees while the control group performed their usual warm-up trainings during a half season. In order to estimate the dynamic balance of the referees in the pre-test and post-test, Y Balance Test was used. The collected data were analyzed using Descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The results of the present study indicated that the intervention and the control groups were significantly different in terms of dynamic balance in anterior and posteromedial directions and also the referees’ overall balance score before and after the study. However, no significant between them was observed in posteriolateral direction. According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the FIFA 11+ comprehensive warm-up program for referees could improve the referees’ and the assistant referees’ dynamic balance.

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Due to the necessity of screening injury the aim of this study was to screen the scores of Functional movement screening tests in active and inactive subject . The study population consisted of University Students aged 18 to 25 years out of which 50 students (25 active and 25 inactive) were selected. Functional Movement Screen by Cook were used for functional screening. After the normality of the overall scores for FMS, Independed-Samples T-Test was used in SPSS (version 16) to analyze the data at significant level of 0/05. According to the findings, overall scores of FMS was significantly different between active and inactive subjects (P=0/001). Cut-off point of 17 was obtained for all subjects. There was no significant difference in shoulder mobility and straight leg raise test scores in the active and inactive people but there was significant difference among the scores of other five tests This prospective study shows that due to the overall score FMS inactive people than in active people are more prone to injury.

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Judo is one of the most popular martial arts in the world. Researchers reported a higher risk of injuries during training rather than the time of competition. So, the safe and effective training methods should be considered. As development and application of injury prevention approaches and athletic performance enhancement is necessary, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week Judo Specific Functional Training on the injury risk factors and athletic performance in non-elite male judokas. 46 non-elite judokas participated in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (23:N) and control (23:N). For a period of 8 weeks, the experimental group attended a special judo functional training program designed by the researchers. At the same time, the control group participated in the usual judo training program presented by the coaches. The exercises were performed 3 sessions per week and 90 minutes per session. The subjects participated in pre- and post-tests. After data collection, in order to approve data normality and compare the variables, Shapiro-wilk, ANCOVA analysis was implemented at the significant level (p≤0.05) using SPSS version 21. The results showed that scores of functional movement screening (p=0.001), upper extremity Y balance test (p=0.001), vertical jump (p=0.001) and special judo fitness test (p=0.001) significantly increased among the experimental group in comparison to the Control group. This Judo specific functional training program simultaneously modifies or decreases the injury risk factors and improves the athletic performance and has more efficiency and effectiveness rather than the usual judo training program.    

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