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Showing 2 results for Mechanisms
Fatemeh Razzaghi Borkhani, Ahmad Rezvanfar, Syed Hamid Movahed Mohammadi, Syed Yousof Hejazi,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract
Agricultural development depends on increasing production and productivity and reducing risks threatening the agricultural sector and in the shadow of extension risk management that can be prevented of wasting and damage to agricultural crops and the provision of necessary domestic agricultural production, also providing export and currency-made to advance the country's development goals. Pay attention to the strategic location of Mazandaran in citrus products, natural hazards that threaten citrus production each year in the economic development, production and exports and providing sustainable livelihoods to farmers affected negatively. Agriculture and in particular the subdivision gardening, due to dependence on weather conditions, the brunt of climate change is undergoing, horticulture stable on long-term behavior growers to ensure the stability and productivity of the land in the future is created and the expectations and concerns of the community intended to provide a food healthy and security to protect the environment and natural hazards reduction is concerned.
The main purpose of this study was to investigate Mechanisms of Reducing Natural Disasters and Risk Management to Sustainable of Citrus Gardens in Mazandaran Province. The Population consists of all citrus farmers in the villages of 12 counties of Mazandaran province, a sample of 290 farmers was selected by using proportional random sampling method among 122361 citrus Orchard men. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. The Validity of questionnaire was determined through sustainable agriculture experts of Mazandaran County and some faculty members at the University of Tehran, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Agricultural Management and Development. The reliability was found to be acceptable. Diagnostic validity by using an average variance extracted (AVE) and reliability by using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR) were confirmed. To explain the mechanisms Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to modeling the structural equations using LISREL software, version 8.80.
According to the results of the ranking factors related to the mechanism in dimensions, "supportive - credit", "environmental - spatial", "socio-participation", "knowledge-awareness", "infrastructure-institutional "," educational –informational" and "economic factors" respectively were mostly mechanisms and strategies based on factor coefficient. Among the credit-supportive, "insurance" has had the most important role in the structure of credit-supportive factor, thus, according to the regional agricultural insurance and damages in the event that the actual performance of the target area is less than the guaranteed performance is a good solution. One of the major goals of sustainable agricultural systems is decreasing vulnerability and improving sustainable livelihoods in rural people. Therefore adoption of GAP technologies has emphasized to increase elimination of pest with minimum impact on the environment, human health and access to sustainable agricultural development, (achieve to environmental, economic and social sustainability) as well as attention to the sustainability of on-farm activities to certain safety and quality of food and non-food agricultural crops. According to the study, understanding and awareness of farmers to improve skills and farming and horticulture management techniques to reducing natural disasters and risk management and expand the participation of farmers in risk management, to develop processing and packaging industries, convenient and refrigeration practices for storage and preservation of agricultural and horticultural crops, in addition to communication channels network through demonstration farms, farmer field schools, workshops, field days, meeting, SMS, and information and communication channels carried by ICT as necessary solutions recommended. This Provides Information and knowledge share among orchardist and strengthening local associations and with each other. This process helps them to increase their awareness about mechanisms of reducing natural disasters and risk management to sustainable of citrus gardens and find positive attitude toward it. This output complete sustainability goals of agriculture through improving social sustainability. In order to access growers to timely sales service products, the establishment of a new extension system based on an available market with up to date and secure information as Marketing Information Services (MIS) could be a suitable strategy for orchardists in order to access sustainable development.
The main purpose of this study was to investigate Mechanisms of Reducing Natural Disasters and Risk Management to Sustainable of Citrus Gardens in Mazandaran Province. The Population consists of all citrus farmers in the villages of 12 counties of Mazandaran province, a sample of 290 farmers was selected by using proportional random sampling method among 122361 citrus Orchard men. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. The Validity of questionnaire was determined through sustainable agriculture experts of Mazandaran County and some faculty members at the University of Tehran, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Agricultural Management and Development. The reliability was found to be acceptable. Diagnostic validity by using an average variance extracted (AVE) and reliability by using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR) were confirmed. To explain the mechanisms Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to modeling the structural equations using LISREL software, version 8.80.
According to the results of the ranking factors related to the mechanism in dimensions, "supportive - credit", "environmental - spatial", "socio-participation", "knowledge-awareness", "infrastructure-institutional "," educational –informational" and "economic factors" respectively were mostly mechanisms and strategies based on factor coefficient. Among the credit-supportive, "insurance" has had the most important role in the structure of credit-supportive factor, thus, according to the regional agricultural insurance and damages in the event that the actual performance of the target area is less than the guaranteed performance is a good solution. One of the major goals of sustainable agricultural systems is decreasing vulnerability and improving sustainable livelihoods in rural people. Therefore adoption of GAP technologies has emphasized to increase elimination of pest with minimum impact on the environment, human health and access to sustainable agricultural development, (achieve to environmental, economic and social sustainability) as well as attention to the sustainability of on-farm activities to certain safety and quality of food and non-food agricultural crops. According to the study, understanding and awareness of farmers to improve skills and farming and horticulture management techniques to reducing natural disasters and risk management and expand the participation of farmers in risk management, to develop processing and packaging industries, convenient and refrigeration practices for storage and preservation of agricultural and horticultural crops, in addition to communication channels network through demonstration farms, farmer field schools, workshops, field days, meeting, SMS, and information and communication channels carried by ICT as necessary solutions recommended. This Provides Information and knowledge share among orchardist and strengthening local associations and with each other. This process helps them to increase their awareness about mechanisms of reducing natural disasters and risk management to sustainable of citrus gardens and find positive attitude toward it. This output complete sustainability goals of agriculture through improving social sustainability. In order to access growers to timely sales service products, the establishment of a new extension system based on an available market with up to date and secure information as Marketing Information Services (MIS) could be a suitable strategy for orchardists in order to access sustainable development.
Dr. Shahrokh Pourbeyranvand,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Seismic risk investigation by Strain rate variation study in central
Alborz by using GPS data
Abestract
The Alborz Mountains, South of Caspian Basin and separates Central Iran from Eurasia. Talesh and Kopeh Dagh bound the Alborz as major thrust belts in the west and east respectively. The tectonic evolution of this important region is still unsolved and there are many questions to answer, such as the origin of the Alborz Mountains as well as its crustal structure. The Alborz is of great important in natural and most particular, seismic hazard investigations, because of the existence of Tehran megacity. This importance resulted in development of a relatively dense network of GPS stations in this regions and adjacent areas. The Alborz Mountains formed successively during the collision of Central Iran with Eurasia in the Late Triassic (Cimmerian Orogeny) and the collision of Arabia with Eurasia. Tectonic activity in this belt is currently thought to be controlled by two motions with different velocities, the 5 mm/yr northward convergence of central Iran to Eurasia causing a compression from 7 Ma and the 4 mm/yr left‐lateral shear northwestward motion of the South Caspian Basin resulting in a left lateral transpressive tectonic environment in the Alborz . Since middle Pleistocene transtensional motion is also observed in the region because of acceleration of SCB motion toward North West.
GPS studies in the Zagros started in 2000 and are continuing by gradual expansion of the permanent GPS network and several GPS campaigns and temporary stations. These studies have significantly improved our understanding of the surface deformation in the Alborz. In this study the interpolation of GPS velocity vectors in a rectangular grid and calculation of the strain at the center of each grid cell, were used for the study of the strain rate variations in the central Alborz. We used velocity vectors from Djamur et al. (2010) to estimate the strain rate field in the Alborz. To avoid edge-effects in the strain calculation, we only showed the results for the central part of the dataset. The GPS velocities are interpolated onto a rectangular north-south grid of 0.2 by 0.2 degrees and strains are calculated at the center of each grid cell, following the methodology of Haines et al. (1998) and Beavan & Haines (2001). The study of the strain rate variations can help in understanding the tectonic settings of the region and the obtained results, combined with other geodetic, geological and seismological studies, already performed in the region, can provide a comprehensive insight into the geodynamic evolution of the range.
The results showed spatial variations in principle strain rate axes directions and areal strain rate or dilation, which in combination with seismicity data, reveals important information about the fault movement mechanisms in the area. Observed anomalies in dilation, showed important correlations with seismicity, subsidence and uplift, dip slip and strike slip movements on the faults in the region and confirmed deformation partitioning which takes place due to tectonic forces, acting on pre-existing faults and weak fracture planes. The partitioning of the deformation causes dominant strike slip motion in some parts of the Central Alborz, while shortening occurs dominantly on other parts of the mountain range. These different parts are spatially separated in the region and correlate with the seismicity with regard to the faulting mechanisms expected from the orientation of the major faults and the directions of strain rate axes.
Key words: areal strain rate Central Alborz, deformation partitioning, dilation, faulting mechanisms, GPS, seismic ris
Alborz by using GPS data
Abestract
The Alborz Mountains, South of Caspian Basin and separates Central Iran from Eurasia. Talesh and Kopeh Dagh bound the Alborz as major thrust belts in the west and east respectively. The tectonic evolution of this important region is still unsolved and there are many questions to answer, such as the origin of the Alborz Mountains as well as its crustal structure. The Alborz is of great important in natural and most particular, seismic hazard investigations, because of the existence of Tehran megacity. This importance resulted in development of a relatively dense network of GPS stations in this regions and adjacent areas. The Alborz Mountains formed successively during the collision of Central Iran with Eurasia in the Late Triassic (Cimmerian Orogeny) and the collision of Arabia with Eurasia. Tectonic activity in this belt is currently thought to be controlled by two motions with different velocities, the 5 mm/yr northward convergence of central Iran to Eurasia causing a compression from 7 Ma and the 4 mm/yr left‐lateral shear northwestward motion of the South Caspian Basin resulting in a left lateral transpressive tectonic environment in the Alborz . Since middle Pleistocene transtensional motion is also observed in the region because of acceleration of SCB motion toward North West.
GPS studies in the Zagros started in 2000 and are continuing by gradual expansion of the permanent GPS network and several GPS campaigns and temporary stations. These studies have significantly improved our understanding of the surface deformation in the Alborz. In this study the interpolation of GPS velocity vectors in a rectangular grid and calculation of the strain at the center of each grid cell, were used for the study of the strain rate variations in the central Alborz. We used velocity vectors from Djamur et al. (2010) to estimate the strain rate field in the Alborz. To avoid edge-effects in the strain calculation, we only showed the results for the central part of the dataset. The GPS velocities are interpolated onto a rectangular north-south grid of 0.2 by 0.2 degrees and strains are calculated at the center of each grid cell, following the methodology of Haines et al. (1998) and Beavan & Haines (2001). The study of the strain rate variations can help in understanding the tectonic settings of the region and the obtained results, combined with other geodetic, geological and seismological studies, already performed in the region, can provide a comprehensive insight into the geodynamic evolution of the range.
The results showed spatial variations in principle strain rate axes directions and areal strain rate or dilation, which in combination with seismicity data, reveals important information about the fault movement mechanisms in the area. Observed anomalies in dilation, showed important correlations with seismicity, subsidence and uplift, dip slip and strike slip movements on the faults in the region and confirmed deformation partitioning which takes place due to tectonic forces, acting on pre-existing faults and weak fracture planes. The partitioning of the deformation causes dominant strike slip motion in some parts of the Central Alborz, while shortening occurs dominantly on other parts of the mountain range. These different parts are spatially separated in the region and correlate with the seismicity with regard to the faulting mechanisms expected from the orientation of the major faults and the directions of strain rate axes.
Key words: areal strain rate Central Alborz, deformation partitioning, dilation, faulting mechanisms, GPS, seismic ris
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