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The literature scholars of the subcontinent were the vanguard and the pioneers in various fields in Persian language, such as rhetoric, biography and especially lexicography. Unlike the Iranian literati, they are the initiator and founder of the theoretical basis of lexicography, rhetoric, biography and even criticism to the extent that the theoretical principle of each of these arts can be extracted from the content of the works in each subject. In this article, first we briefly review the development of Persian language in the subcontinent during different periods, and then we discuss the lexicography in the subcontinent and show how effective the subcontinent was in the formation and development of this process. Therefore, we will explore the written dictionaries in India and mark their most distinguishing features. In the end, we point out the important functions of these dictionaries.  

Undoubtedly, the Indian subcontinent has had an undeniable role in the enrichment and spread of Persian language and literature. It has led to the creation of some lasting works in various areas of literature, especially in Persian rhetoric, works that have been written with a unique creativity and innovation. In this study an attempt has been made to investigate three top rhetoric works in the Indian subcontinent: Jame al Sanay’ wal Awazan by Seif Jam Heravi, Sobhat al-Marjan wa Ghazlan al-Hind by Azad Belgerami and Hadaegh al-Balaghe by Faghir Dehlavi. It has been revealed that these three works in contrast with other Islamic rhetoric works, which have been in part influenced by Greek thoughts, are mainly written based on Sanskrit rhetoric. It has also been found that these three works not only include aesthetic criteria and literary figures, but also contain a kind of pragmatic criticism. Finally, the most significant commonalities of these works have been pointed out.