Scientific Journals Management System

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The universal culture has turned about some binary elements.
An Obvious indication of this state is the contrast between spoken and written language, which has, in turn, influenced the human culture to the extent that Derrida considers it as the source of errors in the two-millennium tradition of Western culture. Any reform in the world communities has been attributed to the above contrast and the so- called revolution of the written language. In Islamic culture, the revelation of the Holy Quran is considered as the first revolution of the written language and Adonis has beautifully illustrated the written / spoken dialectic in the Islamic culture. In this declaration, he discusses the position and role of Rhetoric as an art of speech and explores rhetoric from various perspectives: substantial features, its functions, training and persuasion, ultimate goal and significance as well as its triadic underlying principles; commonly agreed upon by rhetoric scholar's composition, harmony and style. Also, it covers such topics as anatomy of rhetoric, its status in the Ignorance era and the Islamic age as well as its impact on Arabic poetry and rhetoric.
The paper proceeds with highlighting the major distinctive features of speech and prose and sheds lights on their functions as well as aesthetics.
 

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What has been told about Shahnameh and Shahnameh – reciting in different books notifies the superiority of Ferdowsi’s skill in his "the high palace". One of the reasons which provide evidence as to Ferdowsi’s fascinating discourse is considering the rhetorical issues, organizing the draft and unifying the tone of Shahnameh. Considering rhetorical issues and especially the skill of story – telling is a point which most of the followers have not noticed yet. A relevant example is Garshasbnameh by Asadi Tousi which although some theorists have considered it as the successor of Shahnameh, it provides nothing but a mere imitation. This paper examines the rhetorical comparison between the story of "Zaal and Roudabeh" in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and the story of "Jamshid and the King of Zabol’s daughter". In spite of some formal similarities in the structure of the story, the results of studying the draft and structures of these two works, the unity of tone and figures of imagination especially simile and metaphor indicate the exalted excellence and superiority of Shahnameh to Garshasbnameh.
 
 

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The study of language has been put into focus of attention by many researchers in literature and philosophy and several outstanding works have been composed in Persian and Arabic languages. The previous studies in this area helped to establish the science of language among Persian speakers and consequently necessary terms for most branches of this science, such as syntax, stylistics, semantic, rhetoric and phonology, were coined. On the other hand, Language in the recent century welcomed the modern way of language studies and many books and articles were translated from western languages, and new words and terms were devised irrespective of local studies. The present study is an attempt to investigate the terms devised in modern branches of linguistics and common terms of local studies and in this way makes a comparison and a link between the old and new achievements.

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Undoubtedly, the Indian subcontinent has had an undeniable role in the enrichment and spread of Persian language and literature. It has led to the creation of some lasting works in various areas of literature, especially in Persian rhetoric, works that have been written with a unique creativity and innovation. In this study an attempt has been made to investigate three top rhetoric works in the Indian subcontinent: Jame al Sanay’ wal Awazan by Seif Jam Heravi, Sobhat al-Marjan wa Ghazlan al-Hind by Azad Belgerami and Hadaegh al-Balaghe by Faghir Dehlavi. It has been revealed that these three works in contrast with other Islamic rhetoric works, which have been in part influenced by Greek thoughts, are mainly written based on Sanskrit rhetoric. It has also been found that these three works not only include aesthetic criteria and literary figures, but also contain a kind of pragmatic criticism. Finally, the most significant commonalities of these works have been pointed out.

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Literary criticism has been one of the most controversial issues in the study of literature in Iran. Some have considered it an entirely Western area of study and therefore imported to the country, while others have traced its history back to pre-Islamic Iran. By distinguishing between the two terms of rhetoric as a premodern subject and literary criticism as a modern area, this paper examines the evolution of literary criticism in Iran from the years of the Constitutional Revolution to the early 2010s. These developments have been studied in four historical periods: from the beginning to 1941, from 1942 to 1978, from the Islamic Revolution to the late 1990s, and from the late 1990s to the early 2010s. The results show that despite the dominance of the discourse of literary criticism in literary studies and its successful examples in the recent decades, the application of this area to reading texts still has a long way to achieve greater success. Meanwhile, the emergence and the prevalence of interdisciplinary and problem-oriented studies in reading texts in the global academic environment have added to the complexity of the situation. 
 

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Different and sometimes contradictory definitions are mentioned in rhetorical books to explain the irony industry - which by examining and classifying them, two general concepts can be considered for this technique: in the first definition, which belongs to the pre-Jorjani period, The irony is "to cover the speech and leave the meaning". In this sense, irony is mixed with other rhetorical techniques (such as permissible, simile, metaphor, theory, etc.) and has no definite limits. In another sense, irony, which begins with Jorjani, is a structured and ironic industrial allusion to other techniques. In this definition, irony does not simply mean "covered with speech and leaving out the meaning", but has a specific framework and it is "necessary mention and necessary will". Therefore, if a word is mentioned even covertly, but the element of "necessary" is not observed in it, it is not considered an irony in post-Jorjani definitions. In the present study, by descriptive-analytical method and using library tools, while analyzing the two concepts of irony (before and after Jorjani), the recent literature (post-constitutional) perception of the concept of this industry in practice and its field of application Investigated. The results of this study show that most recent researchers in the discussion of irony have a tendency to a concept that was common before Jorjani.