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Urban development strategy is a new approach in urban planning and management, which can provide the basis for achieving sustainable urban development by reducing poverty, citizen participation and increasing investment. The purpose of this article is to measure the indicators of urban development strategy in Ardabil city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on field investigations. The sample size was estimated to be 230 people using Sample Power software. For final evaluation and data analysis, one-sample T-tests and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used in AMOS Graphics software. The results of the single-sample T-test of the research showed that the status of urban development strategy indicators including livability, favorable governance, bankability and competitiveness in the studied territory with averages of 2.21, 2.6, 2.62, 2.15, in the state They are not acceptable. The results of the second-order factor model of the research showed that among the dimensions of the urban development strategy, the competitiveness dimension with a factor weight of 0.93 has the most effect and the banking dimension with a factor weight of 0.62 has the least effect in Ardabil city. Also, the findings of the research showed that with the increase of good urban governance index, the dimension of bankability increases by 0.55, the dimension of livability increases by 0.76, and the dimension of competitiveness increases by 0.86. Finally, it was determined that the attraction of investment in the city, satisfaction with the security of the banking system, the use of new technologies in banks, the expertise and skill of city managers and the accountability of city laws will have the greatest impact on the process of urban development strategy in Ardabil city.
 

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Agricultural sector has an important role in development of countries. One of the obstacles to development in this sector, especially in Iran is significant fragmentation of agricultural lands. The aim of this study is to assess the farmers’ willingness to participate in land consolidation project using structural equation modeling. The population of this study consists of all farmers of Meymeh County and its surrounding cities and villages and Niloofar-Abi cooperative of Vazvan city. Data were collected on a sample of 156 farmers through face-to-face interviews based on a comprehensive structured questionnaire. Before the survey, the reliability and validity of questionnaire was initially evaluated on a pre-test study respectively by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, expert’s judgment and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) criteria. The results of this study show that the most important factors on farmers' willingness to participation are crop acreage and number of plots which respectively has the greatest positive and negative effect. The awareness of the farmers about benefit of consolidation project is another factor which has significant and positive impact on farmers' willingness. Furthermore, level of farmers schooling has no significant effect.

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Increasing CO₂ emissions and consequently, air temperature causes climate anomalies which affects all the aspects of human life. The purpose of this study was to assess the temperature changes and also to predict the extreme temperatures in Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces. To do this, the SDSM statistical and dynamical model was used. As well, it was applied the Mann-Kendal graphical and statistical technique to analyze the temperature changes and its trend. In this regard, the daily temperature was obtained from Rasht, Ramsar and Babolsar synoptic stations during 1961 – 2010, and also the general circulation models data of HadCM3 and NCEP were collected from related databases. The results revealed a significant positive trend in monthly and annual minimum and maximum temperature in all three stations in the first (1961-2010) and third (1961-2040) periods.  There is not a significant trend in extreme temperatures in Ramsar and maximum temperature in Rasht in the second period (2011-2040). The Mann-Kendal graphical test was used for the yearly extreme temperatures in all periods. The results showed that it was occurred both increasing trend and suddenly changes or shifts at the 95% confidence level in all stations. It is occurred the highest of changes in monthly and annual of the minimum temperature at forecasted period (2011-2040). It was predicted extreme temperature to increase about 0.1 to 1.7° C. The short time oscillations and significant positive trend occurred in both the maximum and minimum temperature shows the temperature increase and climate changes in the future. Thus it is obvious the decrease in temperature difference in warm and cold seasons.

 

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Estimating and predicting precipitation and achieving its runoff play an important role to correct management and exploitation of basins, management of dams and reservoirs, minimizing the flood damages and droughts, and water resource management, so they are considered by hydrologists. The appropriate performance of intelligent models leads researchers to use them for predicting hydrological phenomena more and more. Therefore, in this study, the Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) models were used to model monthly precipitation of Nahavand City. In this study, precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity data were used in a 32-year period (from 1983 to 2014). The results showed that the same and good performance of both models (R²= 0.92), but according to different evaluation criteria, GEP model showed a little better performance (RMSE= 0.0478 and 0.0486), while the running GEP model is so easier than the SVM model. Totally, it can be said that GEP model had been suitable for modeling monthly precipitation of Varayeneh station in Nahavand City. Finally, the monthly precipitation was predicted the GEP which showed a decrease in precipitation in compared with previous months.
 

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Any imbalance in intra-city systems (urban spatial and urban areas) and external systems of the city (near and far-reaching districts of the city and region) causes its uncertainty and instability. As a result, estimating the risk and assessing the seismic vulnerability of a city is also considered as a major issue. The present study, with the developmental-applied and combination of field and library methodology and using the VIKOR method, has studied the issue in Ilam province. The results show that the cities of the province in terms of demographic density, literacy, etc. Each of them has an effective role in vulnerability, they can be effective in the damage caused by the earthquake. VIKOR and GIS models show that the regions in which these indicators are higher than other areas (surplus of defined standard) is not in the benefit of the region and if this surplus is in the benefit of the region. Statistically, the average VIKOR score was 0.125%. Though this amount expresses the situation inappropriately. But there are areas where VIKOR levels are much smaller than the average. Which includes the Dehloran, Ivan and Maleshahi cities

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The classical methods, also known as hard methods, are based on the accuracy of calculations, while the real world is founded on the inaccuracy of boundaries and the uncertainties, which is more consistent with soft computing methods. Each of these methods has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the hybridization theory was introduced to solve these problems. In the hybridization theory, which is also called intelligent hybrid systems, two or more single intelligent methods are combined to eliminate or rectify the shortcomings and limitations of single methods. In this study, forest degradation was modeled by employing the single-perceptron neural network and hybrid neuro-fuzzy method. For this purpose, the images from Landsat-5 TM sensor in 1999 and Landsat 8 OLI sensor in 2017 were utilized. Then, the degraded and non-degraded forest areas were sampled in 200 locations. Seven factors identified as the most effective factors in forest degradation, including the distance from the features like city, river, village, sea, and road, elevation and slope were measured for the 200 locations. The mean squared error (MSE) was used to evaluate the performance of models, which was 0.0535, 0.0704, and 0.0908 for the perceptron neural network in the Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian regularization, and scaled conjugate gradient algorithms, respectively. Also, the MSE value for the neuro-fuzzy model in the optimization and hybrid algorithms was 0.0190 and 0.0102, respectively. The analysis of the results showed the optimal performance of the neuro-fuzzy method both in reducing the error and in generalizing the model. Relying on the uncertainty rule, the neuro-fuzzy model provides the conditions that are closer to reality and have been more successful than the perceptron model at selecting the appropriate data.

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A review of the history of the Islamic period reveals that concepts such as Islamic values ​​and principles have always been one of the foundations of Islamic cities. This has made the Islamic city a space for the development of other Islamic fundamental concepts and principles. However, with the emergence of modern thinking and the emergence of numerous movements, we have seen that many of these are distorted. considering the historical background, values ​​and factors present, district 20 in Tehran, is of no exception. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of how each of the factors of the Islamic city influence the perception of the inhabitants of this historical district of Tehran. To achieve this goal, a conceptual model of the research was first developed using the literature as well as the research context in which the three main physical, social and validity dimensions were considered for Islamic urban planning. Subsequently, using a questionnaire survey and its analysis by structural equation modeling, the effect of each of these factors on their indicators was put forth as the research findings. The results of the analysis indicate that the "validity" factors have the most impact on people's perception of the Islamic city, while the "social and civil" and "physical" factors are less influential.
 

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Today, most of the world's population lives in cities, and urbanization, as the dominant phenomenon of human life, has continued to grow. But in recent years, the lives of city dwellers have faced many problems. In recent years, urban experts are looking for a solution for these problems, in which different theories, views, approaches, and models have been proposed. One of the most important approaches is the livability that is related to sustainable development. In this study, the relationship between different indicators of livability and its nature is explained. The central part of Bojnourd city has been selected as the case study. This research is a practical, desk and field study. Structural Equation Modeling with partial least squares approach and related software were used for data analysis. The results of the research showed that although there is a significant relationship between most of the indicators studied in this study and the viability, the local participation, educational facilities, and leisure facilities have had the greatest impact on livability. It was also found that there is a significant statistical relationship between residence time and identity (P = 0.01) and duration of residence and individual participation (P = 0.08) (90% confidence level).

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Natural parameters are one of the main determinants of the physical development of cities and settlements. In a mountainous area, the effects of these factors have become a barrier to development and can have natural hazards. In this research, it is tried to identify the optimal directions of physical development of the city of Nurabad as a relatively high region by identifying its effective factors and evaluating it. To achieve this, seven effective indicators (elevation, gradient, gradient direction, lithology, distance from the fault, distance from the waterway) were used and to assess, model, and predict areas suitable for physical development of the city from Landsat satellite imagery and Models of FUZZY-AHP and Makov and Markov's predictions have been used. So that each of the layers is fuzzy according to the fuzzy membership functions in GIS Arc 10.3 software. An analytical comparison on the appropriate areas of the city based on the critical points with the appropriate zones. Finally, the final map with the two models was classified into five classes. The results of the research showed that up to 1404 horizons of the city were developed eastwards in Although this pathway is not a suitable route, due to the existence of the main Kazeroun fault and the main waterway, the most important risk factors in the city are considered to be the best place for the development of the city of the western and southwestern regions of the region, which is 13% of the area of ​​the basin Includes.

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Access, plays an important role in rural development as there is a meaningful relationship between rural development and access to infrastructure services. Villages that have less access to essential services, especially transport, faced with a lot of structural and socio-economic constraints, which are obstacles to sustainable rural development. The present study seeks to examine the accessibility and the factors affecting it. Accordingly, it is considered with descriptive-analytic research method. The statistical population of the study, consisted of villages in the central District of Tabriz County (52 villages) that there needed data were gathered from rural municipals. After validity and reliability of the research, in order to evaluate accessibility, we used the Dematel technique and ANP, then to assess the role of different elements in accessibility of rural areas, we used SEM in Amos software. Initial results of Rural Accessibility Survey showed that the Mayan Sefli village had the highest accessibility and the final result of the research are determining the role of factors in rural accessibility based on factors such as distance from the city, service centers and social status of the village are more effective than other factors in accessibility.
Key words: accessibility, rural services, analytical network process, structural equation modeling, Tabriz County.
 

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