Volume 25, Issue 76 (4-2025)
jgs 2025, 25(76): 0-0 |
Back to browse issues page
1- Tarbiat Modares University , sahmadi@modares.ac.ir
2- tarbiat modares
2- tarbiat modares
Abstract: (1771 Views)
When empires and great nations decline, there are many reasons why there is a connection between them. Empire is considered as a regulating power in the world that by studying history, one can discover the existence of several important empires in different eras. Given that empire is related to geopolitical knowledge and its constituent concepts (power, politics and space), it can be studied and explored from this perspective. The purpose of this study is a geopolitical analysis of the collapse of empires. This descriptive-analytical study uses the field method to investigate the geopolitical factors of the collapse of empires (Persia, Rome, Byzantium, Ottoman, British, Russian, Spanish and Arab). The statistical population is 50 experts in the field of geopolitical studies. To test the conceptual model of the research, Demetel method has been used. Findings show that variables such as incompetence and lust of rulers, collapse of the domestic economy, increase and corruption of the male government, oppression and slavery, internal riots, etc. show high interaction and strong systemic relationship with other variables. That is, as long as a country has faced these challenges in terms of manpower and governance, it has not been able to survive in the face of other problems caused by these factors, and these factors have led to crises and the collapse of the empire.
References
1. جان پرور، محسن، (1396)، ژئوپلیتیک برای همه، تهران، نشر انتخاب.
2. حافظ‌نیا، محمدرضا و قصری، محمد و احمدی، حمید و حسینی، (1385)، حسین، قومیت و سازماندهی سیاسی فضا، تهران: فصلنامه ژئوپلیتیک، شماره2، 1385.
3. غفوری، علی؛ (1386)، 100 جنگ بزرگ تاریخ، تهران: هیرمند، چاپ دوم.
4. میرحیدر، دره، (1377)، مبانی جغرافیای سیاسی، انتشارات سمت.
5. Cultural Life, Encyclopaedia Britannica (last updated July 19, 2019), www.britannica.com/place/Macedonia/Cultural-life#ref42800.
6. Adrienne Bernhard, (2018), Ancient Rome's Sinful City at the Bottom of the
7. Albertini, Luigi, (2005), The Origins of the War of 1914. I. New York: Enigma Books.
8. Alexander Rabinowitch, (2008), The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd. Indiana UP. p. 1. ISBN 978-0253220424. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
9. Bagnel Bury, John, (2005), A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (Adamant Media Corporation, 2005).
10. Béhar, Pierre, (1999), Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique. Paris: Éditions Desjonquères. ISBN 978-2-84321-015-0.
11. Bertram D. Wolfe, (2018), Revolution and Reality. p. 349. ISBN 9781469650203.
12. Burns, Thomas S.(1995). Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome : A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, ca. 375-425 A. D. Indiana University Press 1995.
13. Cahen, Claude, Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (1965) The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C-G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469475
14. Cal, Thomas, (2020), America's Expiration Date, The Fall of Empires and Superpowers and the Futur of the United States, Zondervan, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE. Grand Rapids, Mishigan 49546.
15. Cameron, Averil, (2009), Οι Βυζαντινοί (in Greek). Athens: Psychogios. ISBN 978-960-453-529-3.
16. Crum, Haley, (2007), The Man Who Sailed the World, Smithsonian.com (May 31, 2007), www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-man-who-sailed-the-world-155994800/.
17. Doyle, Michael, (2018), Empires. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-3413-7. I favor the behavioral definition of empire as effective control, whether formal or informal, of a subordinated society by an imperial society.
18. Elmasry, Mohamed, (2015), Ink of a Scholar Is More Holier Than the Blood of a Martyr, IslamiCity (October 29, 2015), www.islamicity.org/3137/ink-of-a-scholar-is-more-holier-than-the-blood-of -a-martyr/.
19. Ferguson, Niall, (2004), Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02329-5.
20. Frankham, Steven (2008). Borneo. Footprint Handbooks. Footprint. ISBN 978-1906098148.
21. Frazier, Ian, (2005), Invaders, New Yorker (2005), www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/invaders-3.
22. Geoffrey Swain, (2014), Trotsky and the Russian Revolution. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 9781317812784. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had, with one exception, been composed of liberals.
23. Gibbon, Edward, (1845), History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. With notes by the Rev. H. H. Milman. 1782 (Written), 1845 (Revised)
24. Gregory L. Freeze, ed., (2009), Russia: A History (3rd ed. 2009) pp 234-68.
25. Harper, Kyle. (2011), Slavery in the late Roman world AD 275-425. ISBN 978-0-521-19861-5. Cambridge University Press. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511973451]
26. Howe, Stephen, (2002), Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-280223-1 [DOI:10.1093/actrade/9780192802231.001.0001]
27. Hoyland, Robert G., (2014), In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-991636-8.
28. Ilie, Barbara J., (2012), Libraries and Books Culture of the Byzantine Empire, Medievalists.net (n.d.), www.medievalists.net/2012/04/libraries-and-book-culture-of-the-byzantine-empire/.
29. Immerwahr, Daniel, (2019), How to Hide and Empire: A History of the Greater United States. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
30. James, Paul; Nairn, Tom, (2006), Globalization and Violence, Vol. 1: Globalizing Empires, Old and New. London: Sage Publications. p. xxiii. [DOI:10.4135/9781446261866]
31. Jude T. Wanniski, (1980), Financial Analysts, Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1, Jan. - Feb., 1980. [DOI:10.2469/faj.v36.n1.20]
32. Kamen, Henry, (2003), Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-093264-0.
33. KASHIF SUHAIL MALIK, ABDUL ZAHOOR KHAN, AQSA IRFAN MALIK, (2020), TRENDS OF EMPIRES EXERTING GEOPOLITICAL INFLUENCE: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF AKKADIAN TO BRITISH EMPIRE, Pakistan Geographical Review, Vol.75, No1, June. 2020, PP 31-53
34. Kennedy, Hugh, (2007), The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81740-3.
35. Kent, Marian (1996). The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0714641545.
36. Kia, Mehrdad, (2016), The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. Joshua J. Mark, (2018), "Roman Empire," Ancient History Encyclopedia (March 22, 2018), www.ancient.eu/Roman_Empire/
37. Lapidus, Ira M., (2014), A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139048828]
38. MacMullen, Ramsay, (1988), Corruption and the decline of Rome. Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-04799-1.
39. Maddison, Angus, (2001), The World Economy: A Millennial, Perspective (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ISBN 978-92-64-18608-8. Retrieved 22 July 2009. [DOI:10.1787/9789264189980-en]
40. Matthews, John., (1975), Western aristocracies and Imperial court AD 364-425. Oxford University Press.
41. McAmis, Robert Day, (2002), Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802849458.
42. McDowall, David, (1996), A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850436533.
43. Nick Squires, (2011), What Led to the Fall of the Roman Empire? Telegraph (April 8, 2011).
44. Nicolle, David, (2008), The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Thalamus Publishing. ISBN 978-1902886114.
45. Nicolle, David, (2009), The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632-750. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-273-8.
46. Norwich, John Julius, (1998), A Short History of Byzantium. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-025960-5.
47. Ofek, Hillel, (2011), Why the Arabic World Turned Away from Science, New Atlantis (Winter 2011), www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/why-the-arabic-world-turned-away-from-science.
48. Oxford Dictionary, (2020), An extensive territory under the control of a supreme ruler (typically an emperor) or an oligarchy, often consisting of an aggregate of many separate states or territories. In later use also: an extensive group of subject territories ultimately under the rule of a single sovereign state."
49. Palmer, R. R., Colton, Joel, and Kramer, Lloyd S., (2002), A History of the Modern World, 9th ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill. 2002).
50. Parker, Geoffrey, (1978), Philip II. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-69080-5.
51. Parker, N., (2010), Empire as a Geopolitical Figure. Geopolitics, 15(1), 109-132. doi:10.1080/14650040903420412 [DOI:10.1080/14650040903420412]
52. Pham, P.L., (2010), Ending 'East of Suez': The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore, 1964-1968. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958036-1. [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580361.001.0001]
53. Reynolds, Michael A., (2011), Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908-1918. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-0521149167. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511762017]
54. Robert D. Warth, (1997), Nicholas II: the life and reign of Russia's last monarch.
55. Russo, Jean, (2012), Planting an Empire: The Early Chesapeake in British North America. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0694-7.
56. Saunders, Graham, (2002), A History of Brunei. Routledge. ISBN 978-0700716982.
57. Sea," BBC, (January 5, 2018), www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180104-ancient-romes-sinful-city-at-the-bottom-of-the-sea
58. Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D., (2006), East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
59. Vaglieri, Laura Veccia, (1977), The Patriarchal and Umayyad caliphates. In Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam Volume 1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57-103. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521219464.005. ISBN 9780521219464. [DOI:10.1017/CHOL9780521219464.005]
60. Valerii L. Stepanov, (2009), Revisiting Russian Conservatism, Russian Studies in History 48.2: 3-7. [DOI:10.2753/RSH1061-1983480200]
61. Walter Sperling, (2006), Building a Railway, Creating Imperial Space: 'Locality,' 'Region,' 'Russia,' 'Empire' as Political Arguments in Post-Reform Russia," Ab Imperio Issue 2, pp. 101-134.
62. Ward-Perkins Bryan. (2005). The fall of Rome and the end of civilization. Oxford University Press 2005 (hardback edition). ISBN 978-0-19-280728-1
63. Williams, Beryl, (1994), The concept of the first Duma: Russia 1905-1906. Parliaments, Estates and Representation. 14 (2): 149-158. doi:10.1080/02606755.1994.9525857 [DOI:10.1080/02606755.1994.9525857]
64. Williams, Elizabeth, (2012), Trade and Commercial Activity in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Middle East, The Met (May 2012), www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/coin/hd_coin.htm.
65. Yegorov, Y., Grass, D., Mirescu, M. et al., (2020), Growth and Collapse of Empires: A Dynamic Optimization Model. J Optim Theory Appl 186, 620-643 [DOI:10.1007/s10957-020-01719-5]
66. Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., (1994), National Awakening and the Birth of Albania, 1876-1918, Albania: A Country Study". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
| Rights and permissions | |
 | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |